Table 4.
Association between HEI-10 score and lung cancer incidence by sex and smoking status.
| All current smokers (N = 29,111) | Male current smokers (N = 15,167) | Female current smokers (N = 13,944) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | |
| Diet quality | ||||||
| Highest quality diet | 158 | 1.0 | 53 | 1.0 | 105 | 1.0 |
| Higher quality diet | 238 | 0.94 (0.77–1.15) | 109 | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 129 | 0.98 (0.75–1.27) |
| Lower-quality diet | 295 | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 177 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 118 | 0.80 (0.61–1.04) |
| Lowest quality diet | 393 | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 235 | 1.08 (0.79–1.47) | 158 | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) |
| P trend | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.96 | |||
| All former smokers (N = 15,824) | Male former smokers (N = 6972) | Female former smokers (N = 8852) | ||||
| Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | |
| Diet quality | ||||||
| Highest quality diet | 87 | 1.0 | 30 | 1.0 | 57 | 1.0 |
| Higher quality diet | 74 | 1.09 (0.80–1.50) | 40 | 1.39 (0.86–2.24) | 34 | 0.95 (0.62–1.47) |
| Lower-quality diet | 64 | 1.09 (0.78–1.52) | 39 | 1.39 (0.85–2.26) | 25 | 0.92 (0.57–1.50) |
| Lowest quality diet | 56 | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | 47 | 1.89 (1.16–3.07) | 9 | 0.52 (0.25–1.08) |
| P trend | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.15 | |||
| All never smokers (N = 25,860) | Male never smokers (N = 6812) | Female never smokers (N = 19,048) | ||||
| Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | Cases, N | HR (95% CI) | |
| Diet quality | ||||||
| Highest quality diet | 12 | 1.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 |
| Higher quality diet | 29 | 3.15 (1.59–6.24) | 9 | – | 20 | 2.77 (1.32–5.85) |
| Lower-quality diet | 31 | 4.14 (2.08–8.21) | 10 | – | 21 | 3.86 (1.83–8.18) |
| Lowest quality diet | 17 | 2.70 (1.25–5.83) | 7 | – | 10 | 2.58 (1.06–6.28) |
| P trend | 0.004 | – | 0.006 | |||
| P interaction HEI-10 x smoking status | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.001 | |||
P values for the interaction between the HEI-10 and smoking status were computed using likelihood ratio tests comparing models with and without interaction terms.
HEI-10 scores were split into quartiles: lowest quality diet (13.72–49.04), lower-quality diet (49.04–57.32), higher quality diet (57.32–65.91), highest quality diet (reference, 65.91–96.72).
Models were adjusted for sex (male vs female in analyses including both sexes), race (Black, other races, vs White), enrollment source (GP vs CHC), education (less than high school, high school, some college or training, vs college graduate or higher), income (<$15,000, $15,000–$24,999, $25,000–$49,999, vs $50,000 or more), marital status (married vs not married), health insurance coverage (yes vs no), BMI (<18.5, 25–29.9, 30+ vs 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), smoking intensity for models among current or former smokers (20 or more cigarettes per day, 10–19 cigarettes per day, vs less than 10 cigarettes per day), diabetes (yes vs no), history of heart attack (yes vs no), history of stroke (yes vs no), hypertension (yes vs no), hypercholesterolemia (yes vs no), COPD (yes vs no), HIV/AIDS (yes vs no), total physical activity MET-hours per day (none, lowest tertile among those reporting some physical activity, middle tertile, vs highest tertile), total hours spent sitting per day, energy intake (kcal/day), and menopausal status (postmenopausal vs premenopausal) and ever use of hormone replacement therapy (yes vs no) for models among females.