Fig. 1. Genomic architectures of the different metastatic gastric cancers and their routes.

a Schematic illustrating the various metastatic routes of gastric cancer. As the cancer grows, it invades the wall of the stomach and then spreads through the lymphatics, blood, and peritoneal space causing various types of metastases. b Comparison of the copy number burden and ploidy (y-axis) between primary and metastatic tumors by route (x-axis). Higher copy number burdens and ploidies were identified in hematogenous metastasis. c Summary of the number and types of mutation in each case and the mutational signatures in each tumor and patient. d Comparison of the number of nonsynonymous mutations (y-axis) between primary and metastatic tumors by route (x-axis). Compared to the primary tumors, the number was higher in hematogenous, but lower in peritoneal and ovarian metastasis. e Comparison of the proportions for each dominant signature (y-axis) between the primary and metastatic tumors by route (x-axis). *, **, and ***, indicate P < 0.05, <0.005 and <0.001 using the Mann–Whitney test, respectively.