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. 2023 Jul 8;129(4):672–682. doi: 10.1038/s41416-023-02338-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Comparisons between the genomic characteristics of the paired primary and metastatic gastric cancers showed the following: 1) Each LN metastasis is an independent event regardless of the anatomical location-based tier system; 2) Molecular subtype changes from chromosomal instability (CIN, purple) to genomic stable (GS, green) in 1 (peritoneal/ovarian metastasis) out of 7 cases, and GS (green) to CIN (purple) in 2 (liver and ovarian metastasis) out of 8 cases were observed between the primary and metastatic tumors, respectively; 3)The CIN subtype of the primary tumor is usually associated with hematogenous metastasis which increases the copy number burden including de novo gain/amp in cancer driver genes; 4) The GS subtype is commonly associated with peritoneal/ovarian metastasis which is sustained chromosomal stability with de novo somatic mutation in cancer drivers. Phylogeny analysis identified two types of migration patterns, branched and diaspora progression. Both molecular subtypes of the metastatic tumors and the migration patterns are associated with patient survival.