Table 2.
The demographic and clinical characteristics of cirrhotic patients with and without AKI during the six-month follow-up period.
| AKI | Non-AKI | Total | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 13 (18.6%) | n = 57 (81.4%) | n = 70 | ||
| Age (mean ± SD) | 71.1 (12.0) | 59.2 (11.2) | 61.4 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (69.2) | 48 (84.2) | 57 (81.4) | 0.24 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis, n (%) | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 2 (15.4) | 40 (70.2) | 42 (62) | < 0.001 |
| Hepatitis C | 5 (38.5) | 16 (28.1) | 21 (30) | 0.51 |
| Alcohol | 5 (38.5) | 20 (35.1) | 25 (35.7) | 1 |
| Others | 3 (23.1) | 2 (3.5) | 5 (7.1) | 0.04 |
| Laboratory data (mean ± SD) | ||||
| White blood cell count (/μL) | 5823.1 (2396.2) | 4736.3 (1734.2) | 4938.1 (1902.8) | 0.22 |
| Platelet count (/μL) | 136,384.6 (110,508.3) | 101,403.5 (51,916.4) | 107,900 (67,075.2) | 0.56 |
| INR | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 0.84 |
| Sodium (mEq/L) | 137.4 (4.9) | 136.8 (3.8) | 136.9 (4.0) | 0.35 |
| sCr (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.85 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.2 (41.0) | 90.4 (31.1) | 88.9 (32.6) | 0.37 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.2 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.3 (0.6) | 0.86 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 2.4 (2.0) | 3.2 (6.7) | 3.1 (6.1) | 0.35 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 5.2 (4.2) | 3.4 (4.9) | 3.7 (4.8) | 0.03 |
| MELD-Na score | 10.9 (7.1) | 9.9 (8.8) | 10.1 (8.5) | 0.43 |
| Child Pugh score | 7.8 (1.7) | 7.2 (1.9) | 7.3 (1.9) | 0.16 |
| FIB-4 index | 10.7 (7.2) | 10.4 (15.0) | 10.4 (14.1) | 0.33 |
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | 7.1 (1.7) | 4.7 (1.4) | 5.1 (1.8) | < 0.001 |
| LPS (ng/mL) | 3.2 (1.3) | 2.2 (0.9) | 2.4 (1.1) | 0.02 |
| LBP (ng/mL) | 92.2 (20.2) | 72.7 (21.3) | 76.3 (22.3) | 0.004 |
| Clinical events at admission, n (%) | ||||
| Ascites | 8 (61.5) | 22 (38.6) | 30 (42.9) | 0.21 |
| Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis | 1 (7.7) | 4 (7.0) | 5 (7.1) | 1 |
| Encephalopathy | 1 (7.7) | 4 (7.0) | 5 (7.1) | 1 |
| Esophageal varices bleeding | 0 | 6 (10.5) | 6 (8.6) | 0.58 |
| Sepsis | 4 (30.8) | 5 (8.8) | 9 (12.9) | 0.05 |
| Septic shock | 0 | 3 (5.3) | 3 (4.3) | 1 |
| Acute on chronic liver failure | 3 (23.1) | 13 (22.8) | 16 (22.9) | 1 |
Chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables. T-tests and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for continuous variables.
AKI acute kidney injury, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FIB-4 index Fibrosis-4 index, HRS hepatorenal syndrome, INR international normalized ratio, LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, LPS lipopolysaccharides, MELD-Na score model for end-stage liver disease score incorporating sodium, sCr serum creatinine, SD standard deviation.