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. 2023 Jul 31;23(15):6830. doi: 10.3390/s23156830

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bead-based assay for virus detection. (a) Conventional methods for virus detection. Viruses were usually too small to be detected by direct observation of virus particles. They are generally detected with their proteins via ELISA or nucleic acid via quantitative PCR. (b) Virus detection through bead-based ELISA. Multiplex analysis of viruses allows the detection of multiple proteins on viruses or multiple viruses in a single assay. (c) ELIME assay. 1-NPP is oxidized into 1-NP, followed by the release of electrons into the reaction buffer. The current produced by the electron is related to the concentration of the antigen. (d) Bio-barcode assay. The target is sandwiched between captured microbeads and barcode beads. Next, the microbeads were trapped with a magnet, and barcode DNA was dehybridized. The barcode DNA and nanoparticles will be quantified to investigate the number of targets in each assay.