. 2023 Jul 31;23(15):6830. doi: 10.3390/s23156830

Table 1.

The list of viral detection assays introduced in this review summarizes the characteristics of targets, required time, LOD, and quantitative.

Type of Assay	Targeted Element	Required Time	Limit of Detection		Quantitative?	Related Section
Nucleic acid amplification [15,16,17] (PCR, LAMP, NEAR, etc.)	Nucleic acid	1~4 h ^(a) Rapid type [22]: 10~20 min	100~1000 copies/mL (~aM level) Rapid type: 3000~20,000 copies/mL		Yes	1
CRISPR-based [106]	Nucleic acid	25~90 min ^(a) SATORI [107]: 5 min +RNA extraction time	3000~50,000 copies/mL SATORI: 3,000,000 copies/mL		Partially yes	3.3
Bio-barcode [32,33]	Protein Nucleic acid	<1.5 h	3 aM		Yes	2.3
dPCR [55]	Nucleic acid	5 h	1 copy (theory) 0.5 copies/μL (considering noise)		Yes	3.1
Flow virometry [71,72,73,74,75,76,77]	Viral particle Nucleic acid Protein	N/A; Volume, concentration, and flow cytometer dependent	1 particle/analysis		Yes	3.2
Pore-based [143]	Viral particle Protein	10–20 min	1 × 10⁷ particles/mL		Partially yes	4
Conventional immunoassay [18,19] (ELISA, CLEIA, Immunochromatography (IC))	Protein	ELISA, CLEIA [19]: 20 min~4 h ^(a) IC [18]: 10~20 min	ELISA, CLEIA [19]:	fM~pM ^(a)	ELISA, CLEIA [19]: Yes IC [18]: No	1
	Protein	ELISA, CLEIA [19]: 20 min~4 h ^(a) IC [18]: 10~20 min	IC [18]:	~pM ^(a)	ELISA, CLEIA [19]: Yes IC [18]: No	1
Bead-based ELISA [24]	Protein	3 h	0.001 RU/mL		Yes	2.1
Bead-based electrochemical [27]	Protein	2 h	10–11 IU/mL		Yes	2.2
EFA-NI [40,41]	Protein Viral particle	~30 min	~100 viral particles/mL (VLP detection)		Partially yes	2.4
dELISA [110]	Protein	5 h	10 zM		Yes	3.3
MCDIA [116,117]	Protein Viral particle	~30 min	~100 copies/mL (Not lysised virus)		Yes	3.4
Infectious viral titer [12,13]	Active virus	Plaque [12]: ~4 days TCID₅₀ [12,13]: ~4 days	Plaque: >1 pfu/loading volume ^(a) TCID₅₀: >0.5 TCID₅₀/loading volume ^(a)		Plaque: Yes TCID₅₀: Yes	1

^(a) It significantly varies depending on the protocols and targets.