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. 2023 Aug 12;23:1535. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-16461-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Mean z-scores and 95% confidence intervals for anthropometric variables by lifestyle behavior cluster. Estimated marginal mean z-scores (95% confidence intervals) obtained from multilevel linear mixed-effects models. Fixed-effect variables were fasting status, maturation stage, migrant background, and parental education level. Region and school were handled as random effects to account for the clustered study design. Cluster 1-higher screen time and poorer diet; Cluster 2-lower activity and longer sleepers; Cluster 3-active and shorter sleepers; and Cluster 4-healthiest. z-BMI, body mass index; z-WC, waist circumference; z-WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; z-FMI, fat mass index. Significant differences between clusters after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05): * Cluster 2 vs Cluster 3