Table 1.
Participant characteristics by cluster
| Overall (n = 1183) | Cluster 1 (n = 213) | Cluster 2 (n = 388) | Cluster 3 (n = 280) | Cluster 4 (n = 302) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 12.5 (0.4) | 12.6 (0.5)a | 12.5 (0.4) | 12.5 (0.4) | 12.5 (0.4)a | 0.016 |
| Gender, % girls | 597 (50.5%) | 100 (46.9%) | 234 (60.3%) | 117 (41.8%) | 146 (48.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Parental origin | ||||||
| Spanish | 799 (67.5%) | 143 (67.1%) | 273 (70.4%) | 179 (63.9%) | 204 (67.5%) | 0.409 |
| Migrant background | 371 (31.4%) | 68 (31.9%) | 112 (28.9%) | 95 (33.9%) | 96 (31.8%) | |
| Unknown | 13 (1.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 3 (0.8%) | 6 (2.1%) | 2 (0.7%) | |
| Parental education level | ||||||
| Low | 213 (18.0%) | 63 (29.6%) | 55 (14.2%) | 36 (12.9%) | 59 (19.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 484 (40.9%) | 97 (45.5%) | 159 (41.0%) | 131 (46.8%) | 97 (32.1%) | |
| High | 474 (40.1%) | 51 (23.9%) | 172 (44.3%) | 108 (38.6%) | 143 (47.4%) | |
| Unknown | 12 (1.0%) | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (0.5%) | 5 (1.8%) | 3 (1.0%) | |
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 381 (32.2%) | 89 (41.8%) | 116 (29.9%) | 90 (32.1%) | 86 (28.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 367 (31.0%) | 74 (34.7%) | 121 (31.2%) | 96 (34.3%) | 76 (25.2%) | |
| High | 420 (35.5%) | 49 (23.0%) | 148 (38.1%) | 88 (31.4%) | 135 (44.7%) | |
| Unknown | 15 (1.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 3 (0.8%) | 6 (2.1%) | 5 (1.7%) | |
| Lifestyle variables | ||||||
| Vegetables, times/week | 7.8 (7.5) | 5.5 (5.7)a | 6.6 (5.4)b | 6.9 (6.1)c | 11.9 (10.2)a,b,c | < 0.001 |
| Fruit, times/week | 7.5 (7.3) | 5.7 (6.7)a | 6.5 (6.4)b | 6.9 (6.7)c | 10.4 (8.3)a,b,c | < 0.001 |
| Fast food, times/week | 2.7 (3.6) | 3.6 (4.4)a,d,e | 2.5 (3.2)d | 2.7 (3.4)e | 2.4 (3.6)a | < 0.001 |
| Sweetened drinks, times/week | 4.5 (7.4) | 7.3 (10.6)a,d,e | 4.0 (6.5)d | 3.9 (6.9)e | 3.6 (5.7)a | < 0.001 |
| Sweets, times/week | 8.9 (9.8) | 11.7 (12.4)a,d,e | 8.2 (7.8)d | 8.5 (10.6)e | 8.0 (9.1)a | < 0.001 |
| Step counts/day, × 1000 | 12.0 (2.4) | 11.9 (2.1)a,d,e | 10.0 (1.4)b,d,f | 13.5 (2.0)e,f | 13.3 (1.9)a,b | < 0.001 |
| Sleep time, h/day | 7.7 (0.8) | 7.8 (0.7)a,d,e | 8.0 (0.6)d,f | 6.8 (0.6)c,e,f | 8.1 (0.6)a,c | < 0.001 |
| Screen time, h/day | 3.9 (1.5) | 6.3 (1.0)a,d,e | 3.3 (0.9)b,d,f | 3.8 (1.0)c,e,f | 3.0 (0.9)a,b,c | < 0.001 |
| Nutritional status | ||||||
| Underweight | 35 (3.0%) | 11 (5.2%) | 12 (3.1%) | 5 (1.8%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.011 |
| Normal weight | 830 (70.2%) | 139 (65.6%) | 279 (71.9%) | 187 (66.8%) | 225 (74.5%) | |
| Overweight | 204 (17.3%) | 34 (16.0%) | 73 (18.8%) | 51 (18.2%) | 46 (15.2%) | |
| Obesity | 113 (9.6%) | 28 (13.2%) | 24 (6.2%) | 37 (13.2%) | 24 (7.9%) | |
Cluster 1-higher screen time and poorer diet; Cluster 2-lower activity and longer sleepers; Cluster 3-active and shorter sleepers; and Cluster 4-healthiest
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation) for continuous variables or as frequency (percentage) for categorical variables. p-values for cluster differences were calculated by ANOVA or chi-square test, as appropriate. Significant differences between clusters after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05) are presented in bold: a, Cluster 1 vs Cluster 4; b, Cluster 2 vs Cluster 4; c, Cluster 3 vs Cluster 4; d, Cluster 1 vs Cluster 2; e, Cluster 1 vs Cluster 3; f, Cluster 2 vs Cluster 3. Migrant background was assumed when at least one of the parents was born outside Spain. Parental education level was categorized according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED). Household income was categorized based on the average annual household income in Spain in 2016 (26,730 €). Nutritional status was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) standards