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. 2023 Aug 11;30:66. doi: 10.1186/s12929-023-00961-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Osmotin regulates the phosphorylation of MAPK and neuroinflammation in MPTP/NSE-hαSyn Tg PD mice. a Immunoblot results of p-p38, p38, p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, and JNK in the SNpc of MPTP-induced mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). b, c Immunoblot results of p-ERK, ERK, p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, and p38 in the striatum and SNpc of NSE-hαSyn Tg mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). d, e Immunoblot results of GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the striatum and SNpc of MPTP-induced mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). g Representative graphs showing ROS levels in the striatum and SNpc of MPTP-induced mice. h Immunoblot results of iNOS and COX-2 expression in the SNpc of the MPTP-induced mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). f, i Immunoblot results of GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the striatum and SNpc of NSE-hαSyn Tg mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). j Representative graphs showing ROS levels in the striatum and SNpc of NSE-hαSyn Tg mice. k, l Representative immunofluorescent images of GFAP in the striatum expression and SNpc of MPTP-induced mice (n = 6, biologically independent animals). Scale bar represents 100 μm. m, n Representative immunofluorescent images of GFAP and Iba-1 levels in the SNpc of NSE-hαSyn Tg mice (n = 6 biologically independent animals). Scale bar represents 100 μm. The data are presented as the mean ± SD and are representative of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Significance was determined by using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; ^#Comparison between control and MPTP/NSE-hαSyn Tg mice, *Comparison between MPTP/NSE-hαSyn Tg mice and osmotin-administered mice. ^#/*p < 0.05, ^##/**p < 0.01, and ^###/***p < 0.001