Table 2.

Relationship between individual’s risk perceptions and delayed/foregone care– 2020 Koreans’ Happiness Survey (n = 13,491)

Variables	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	Overall (n = 13,491)		Female (n = 7,092)		Male (n = 6,399)
	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI	OR	95%CI
Perceptions of COVID-19
Fear	1.36*	1.08–1.73	1.71*	1.23–2.39	1.05	0.75–1.46
Severity	1.05	0.97–1.13	0.96	0.87–1.06	1.17*	1.04–1.32
Gender (ref. male)
Female	1.08	0.86–1.37
Age (ref. 19–34)
35–49	0.75	0.53–1.06	0.71	0.46–1.09	0.81	0.45–1.46
50–64	0.84	0.60–1.18	0.77	0.50–1.17	0.96	0.52–1.75
65+	0.83	0.55–1.26	0.86	0.51–1.47	0.81	0.41–1.62
Chronic condition (ref. 0)
Fewer than 3	6.45*	4.77–8.72	6.46*	4.30–9.72	6.53*	4.16–10.26
3 or more	3.45*	2.59–4.60	3.62*	2.41–5.44	3.31*	2.20–4.99
Self-rated health (ref. good)
Bad	1.69*	1.22–2.33	1.89*	1.28–2.78	1.29*	0.73–2.28
Marital status (ref. partnered)
Single	0.85	0.65–1.13	0.84	0.60–1.19	0.95	0.57–1.59
Education (ref. college or above)
Middle school or under	0.42*	0.27–0.64	0.38*	0.21–0.68	0.44*	0.23–0.87
High school	0.80	0.63–1.03	0.76	0.55–1.05	0.86	0.58–1.27
Income (ref. Q5)
Q1 (Low)	1.92*	1.15–3.20	1.43	0.66–3.10	1.75	0.71–4.27
Q2	2.41*	1.50–3.87	1.63	0.72–3.67	3.04*	1.55–5.94
Q3	2.15*	1.39–3.31	1.56	0.67–3.62	2.31*	1.35–3.96
Q4 (High)	2.00*	1.30–3.06	0.96	0.38–2.44	2.49*	1.52–4.07
Economic activity (ref. employed)
Self-employed	1.13	0.84–1.52	0.83	0.48–1.45	1.28	0.89–1.84
Non-paid family business	1.24	0.69–2.25	1.22	0.61–2.46	1.07	0.27–4.25
Economically inactive	0.92	0.67–1.26	0.87	0.56–1.37	0.93	0.57–1.51
Region (ref. Seoul metropolitan region)
Non-Seoul metropolitan region	0.30*	0.25–0.38	0.31*	0.24–0.42	0.28*	0.20–0.39

p < 0.05