Table 1.
Demographic, baseline characteristics, and risk factors of children (n=371) of women with epilepsy (WWE) vs women without epilepsy (WWoE) for primary analysis #1 for categorical and continuous variables.
| Categorical Variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children of WWE, N = 284 |
Children of WWoE, N = 87 |
|||||
| n (%) | n (%) | P-Valuea | ||||
| Child’s Sex - Male | 134 (47) | 47 (54) | 0.26 | |||
| Child’s Race | 0.0045 | |||||
| White | 231 (81) | 58 (67) | ||||
| Black or African American | 14 (5) | 12 (14) | ||||
| Other/Unknown | 39 (14) | 17 (20) | ||||
| Child’s Ethnicity - Hispanic or Latino | 57 (20) | 21 (24) | 0.42 | |||
| Twin | 20 (7) | 6 (7) | 0.96 | |||
| Small for Gestation Age | 17 (6) | 9 (10) | 0.16 | |||
| Major Congenital Malformations | 16 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.14 | |||
| Any Breastfeeding | 215 (76) | 77 (89) | 0.0107 | |||
| Periconceptional Folate Use | 249 (88) | 57 (66) | <.0001 | |||
| Periconceptional Folate Dose | <.0001 | |||||
| 0 mg | 35 (12) | 30 (34) | ||||
| > 0 – 0.4 mg | 25 (9) | 13 (15) | ||||
| > 0.4 – 1 mg | 53 (19) | 31 (36) | ||||
| > 1 – 4 mg | 150 (53) | 13 (15) | ||||
| > 4 mg | 21 (7) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Pregnancy Planned/Welcomed | 0.83 | |||||
| Planned | 200 (70) | 59 (68) | ||||
| Unplanned/Welcome | 76 (27) | 26 (30) | ||||
| Unplanned/Unwelcome | 8 (3) | 2 (2) | ||||
| Depression During Pregnancy b | 11 (4) | 3 (3) | 1.00 | |||
| Mother’s Education | 0.29 | |||||
| College Degree (Advanced) | 71 (25) | 29 (33) | ||||
| College Degree (Not Advanced) | 131 (46) | 34 (39) | ||||
| No College Degree | 82 (29) | 24 (28) | ||||
| Mother’s Employment | 0.42 | |||||
| Employed full-time | 157 (55) | 49 (56) | ||||
| Employed part-time | 42 (15) | 17 (20) | ||||
| Unemployedc | 85 (30) | 21 (24) | ||||
| Household Income | 0.82 | |||||
| Subject desires not to answer | 13 (5) | 6 (7) | ||||
| $24,999 or less | 51 (18) | 14 (16) | ||||
| $25,000–49,999 | 31 (11) | 8 (9) | ||||
| $50,000–74,999 | 44 (15) | 10 (11) | ||||
| $75,000–99,999 | 44 (15) | 16 (18) | ||||
| $100,000 and up | 101 (36) | 33 (38) | ||||
| Smoking d | 18 (6) | 5 (6) | 0.84 | |||
| Alcohol Use d | 65 (23) | 29 (33) | 0.0500 | |||
| Illicit Substance Use d | 10 (4) | 4 (5) | 0.75 | |||
| Continuous Variables | ||||||
| Children of WWE, N = 284 |
Children of WWoE, N = 87 |
|||||
| N | Mean (SD) |
N | Mean (SD) |
P-Valuee | ||
| WGA at Birth | 284 | 38.4 (2.1) | 87 | 38.7 (1.5) | 0.26 | |
| WGA at Enrollment | 284 | 13.6 (4.6) | 87 | 15.4 (3.9) | 0.0007 | |
| Birthweight (kg) | 284 | 3.20 (0.60) | 87 | 3.27 (0.59) | 0.35 | |
| Mother’s Age at Enrollment | 284 | 30.7 (5.1) | 87 | 29.9 (5.0) | 0.17 | |
| Mother’s IQ | 284 | 97.7 (12.9) | 87 | 104.7 (12.9) | <.0001 | |
| Father’s IQ f | 195 | 104.1 (13.4) | 50 | 104.4 (14.0) | 0.90 | |
| Maternal Relative’s IQ f | 107 | 99.9 (16.3) | 29 | 102.7 (11.2) | 0.38 | |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index f,g | ||||||
| Pregnancy+Postpartum | 221 | 5.71 (2.60) | 67 | 5.40 (2.28) | 0.39 | |
| Pregnancy | 260 | 5.69 (3.03) | 78 | 4.83 (2.48) | 0.0215 | |
| Postpartum | 224 | 5.71 (2.71) | 67 | 5.84 (2.69) | 0.72 | |
| Child’s 3YO Weight (Z-Score) h,i | 279 | 0.26 (1.07) | 83 | 0.27 (0.86) | 0.95 | |
| Child’s 3YO Height (Z-Score) h,i | 282 | 0.32 (1.13) | 86 | 0.43 (0.94) | 0.41 | |
| Child’s 3YO Head Circumference h,j | 284 | 4.4 (1.8) | 87 | 4.6 (1.8) | 0.30 | |
| N | Median (IQR) | N | Median (IQR) | P-Valuee | ||
| Beck Depression Inventory-2 k | ||||||
| Enrollment - 3YO Visit | 284 | 5.3 (2.7, 7.9) | 87 | 4.4 (2.2, 6.7) | 0.09 | |
| Pregnancy | 284 | 5.7 (3.3, 9.0) | 87 | 5.0 (3.0, 8.3) | 0.22 | |
| Post-Birth | 284 | 4.5 (2.0, 7.9) | 87 | 3.7 (1.3, 6.4) | 0.0408 | |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory k | ||||||
| Enrollment - 3YO Visit | 284 | 3.6 (2.1, 7.1) | 87 | 2.5 (1.2, 4.7) | 0.0006 | |
| Pregnancy | 284 | 4.7 (2.3, 8.0) | 87 | 3.5 (2.0, 7.0) | 0.09 | |
| Post-Birth | 284 | 3.0 (1.3, 5.7) | 87 | 1.7 (0.4, 3.3) | <.0001 | |
| Perceived Stress Scale-14 k | ||||||
| Enrollment - 3YO Visit | 284 | 17.8 (13.0, 22.1) | 87 | 16.9 (12.5, 20.6) | 0.23 | |
| Pregnancy | 284 | 17.7 (13.0, 22.4) | 87 | 16.0 (12.3, 21.0) | 0.12 | |
| Post-Birth | 284 | 18.2 (13.1, 22.3) | 87 | 16.8 (12.8, 21.2) | 0.31 | |
Notes: WWE = women with epilepsy; WWoE = women without epilepsy; WGA = weeks gestational age. SD = Standard deviation; IQR = Interquartile range. Two pairs of children of WWE and WWoE had mothers who were sisters and one pair of children of WWE had mothers who were twin sisters.
P-Values from chi-square test except for Major Congenital Malformations, Depression During Pregnancy, and Illicit Drug Use which used Fisher’s exact test.
Depression based on SCID Mood Module at any depression assessment during pregnancy.
Unemployed includes stay at home parent without outside job, unemployed due to disability, full-time student and looking for work.
Self-reported smoking, alcohol use, or illicit substance use (including marijuana) at any time during pregnancy.
P-Values from independent t-test (WGA at Birth, WGA at Enrollment, Birthweight, Age, IQ Scores, Sleep Scores, Weight, Height, Head Circumference) or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for non-normally distributed data (assessed by Q-Q Plots) (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scores).
Father’s IQ, Maternal Relative’s IQ, and sleep scores not assessed for inclusion in imputation model due to extensive missing data.
Weighted monthly average of PSQI assessments completed during time period. At most one PSQI score per day was used in the calculation. Pregnancy: Enrollment through the day before delivery; Postpartum: 6 weeks through 9 months post-delivery; Pregnancy+Postpartum: Assessments completed during either period (only women with scores in both periods included).
Missing 3YO measurement replaced with 2YO measurement.
Weight-for-age and height-for-age z-scores derived using the least square means method based on CDC growth charts.
Head circumference-for age ordinal categories derived using USA head circumference growth chart percentiles. 1= 03-rd, 2= >3rd – 10th, 3= >10th-25th, 4= >25th-50th, 5= >50th-75th, 6= >75th-90th, 7= >90th-97th, 8= >97th (see Supplement for reference by Rollins et al, 2010).
Average of all assessments completed during time period. Enrollment - 3YO Visit: enrollment through 3YO visit; Pregnancy: enrollment through day of delivery; Post-Birth: post-delivery through 3YO visit.