Fig. 7. EVs released by P. sojae can induce plant immune responses.

a, b Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by N. benthamiana leaf discs treated with purified EVs (10⁸ particles mL⁻¹) from P. sojae wild type and double knock out mutants. Mean values (±SD) of six measurements per experiment are shown. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-tailed Student’s t test. RLU (Relative Luminescence Unit). c Representative leaves showing cell death triggered by P. sojae EVs in N. benthamiana. EVs (10⁸ particles mL⁻¹) from G. max and N. benthamiana do not induce cell death. Medium P100 was used as negative controls. Leaves were stained with trypan blue and photographed after 3 dpi. d Production of ROS by N. benthamiana and G. max leaf discs treated with purified EVs (10⁸ particles mL⁻¹) from P. sojae, N. benthamiana or G. max. Mean values (±s.e.m.) of three measurements per experiment are shown. RLU (Relative Luminescence Unit). e, f Production of ROS by G. max leaf discs exposed to purified EVs (10⁸ particles mL⁻¹) from N. benthamiana after expression PsTET3, PsTET3M3 or NbTET6. Mean values (±SD) of three measurements per experiment are shown. Statistical analyses were performed using Two-tailed Student’s t test. All experiments were repeated three times with similar results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. g Model showing plant recognition of EVs released by microbes into the apoplastic space triggering innate immunity. MVB indicates multivesicular body.