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. 2023 Aug 12;13:13119. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-40132-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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sHLA-G expression levels, by sex and type of pathology. (A) Women exhibited significantly higher sHLA-G expression levels compared to men. (B) No significant differences in sHLA-G expression levels were found when considering the different types of gastric cancer histology. (C) No significant differences were found in sHLA-G expression levels between men and women with benign gastric pathologies. (D) Within the benign gastric pathologies group, significant differences in sHLA-G expression levels were observed when comparing polyp to other types of benign gastric pathologies: polyp to chronic gastritis, and peptic ulcer to chronic gastritis. To assess the significance of these observations, quantitative variables were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests, while categorical comparisons were assessed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests.