. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Curr Med Res Opin. 2023 Jun 5;39(7):963–971. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2217654

Table 2.

Beneficiary Characteristics across Racial and Ethnic Groups

Characteristics	Non-Hispanic Whites (n= 988 003, 81.82%)		Blacks (n=85 593, 7.09%)		Hispanics (n=64 405, 5.33%)		Asians/Pacific Islanders (n=38 225, 3.17%)		Others (n=31 309, 2.59%)
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Predisposing Factors
Age, mean (SD)	75.97 (7.32)		75.26^* (7.37)		75.70 (7.34)		76.53^* (7.48)		71.94^* (5.89)
Male	423 670	42.88	29 527^*	34.50	24 980^*	38.79	15 969^*	41.78	18 092^*	57.79
Proportion Married-Couple Families, mean (SD)^a	0.74 (0.06)		0.67^* (0.08)		0.71^* (0.06)		0.72^* (0.06)		0.73^* (0.07)
Proportion Education >=High School, mean (SD)^a	0.88 (0.05)		0.86^* (0.05)		0.82^* (0.08)		0.86 (0.05)		0.88 (0.05)
Income per Capita (in $1000), mean (SD)^a	50.44 (16.52)		50.01 (17.15)		51.83 (20.53)		63.87^* (22.35)		53.98^* (19.29)
Proportion No Insurance, mean (SD)^a	0.10 (0.05)		0.11^* (0.04)		0.13^* (0.07)		0.09^* (0.04)		0.10 (0.05)
Enabling Factors
Medicaid	115 942	11.73	34 584^*	40.41	37 181^*	57.73	21 354^*	55.86	6 570^*	20.98
Metropolitan Statistical Area^a	757 633	76.68	72 211^*	84.37	57 734^*	89.64	36 935^*	96.63	25 116^*	80.22
Health Professional Shortage Area^a	888 914	89.97	81 087^*	94.74	61 846^*	96.03	35 900	93.92	28 792^*	91.96
Census Regions^a
Northeast	200 621	20.31	13 536^*	15.81	10 745^*	16.68	6 937^*	18.15	7 147^*	22.83
Midwest	256 523	25.96	16 095	18.80	5 945	9.23	3 602	9.42	6 584	21.03
South	373 621	37.82	50 787	59.34	23 359	36.27	7 547	19.74	9 219	29.45
West	157 238	15.91	5 175	6.05	24 356	37.82	20 139	52.69	8 359	26.70
Need Factor
Risk Adjustment Summary Score, mean (SD)	1.35 (1.20)		1.74^* (1.47)		1.64^* (1.36)		1.37 (1.14)		1.15^* (1.10)
Inclusion Outcomes
Included in SR	934 299	94.56	77 962^*	91.08	58 840^*	91.36	35 609^*	93.16	29 588	94.50
Included in SP	988 003	100	85 593	100	64 405	100	38 225	100	31 309	100
Not Included in SR but in SP	53 704	5.44	7 631^*	8.92	5 565^*	8.64	2 616^*	6.84	1 721	5.50

Note:

Indicates a county-level characteristic.

Indicates characteristic was different from non-Hispanic Whites by unadjusted pairwise comparison (p < 0.05); significance for census regions is for overall distribution, but not regions-specific. Abbreviations: SD=standard deviation; SR = Star Ratings; SP = Star Plus.