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. 2023 Aug 14;8:300. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Signaling pathways of fatty acids-regulated expression of defensins. SCFAs induce the expression of β-defensins via GPR43-STAT3 and GPR43-mTOR-4E-BP signals; sodium butyrate (NaB) induces the expression of β-defensins via TLR2-p38/ERK- NF-κB, HDAC inhibition and EGFR signals; sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA) induces the expression of β-defensins via TLR2/TLR4-p38/ERK-NF-κB and EGFR signals; Caprylic acid and nonanoic acid induce the expression of β-defensins via HDAC inhibition-acetylation H3K9