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. 2023 Aug 14;8:300. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01553-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Signaling pathways of amino acids, vitamin D and plant extracts regulate the expression of defensins. Top left: l-isoleucine induces the expression of β-defensins via the SIRT1/ERK/90RSK signals, and G-protein coupled receptor-ERK pathways. Top right: 25OH vitamin D3 (25D3) induces the expression of β-defensins via TLR2-NF-κB-CYP271B/CYP24-VDR signals. Bottom: Avocado sugar via TLR2-ERK1/2, EGCG, and DA via p38, Reishi via TLR4, and b-Glucan via Dectin-1-Syk-Ikk-NF-κB regulate the expression and section of defensins