Table 4.

Regulation effects of nutrients on the expression of defensins

	Nutrient	Object	Defensins	Pathway	Reference
Fatty acid	SCFAs	HT29	hBD1-2		439
	SCFAs	Mice IEC	mBD1/3/4	GPR43-mTOR/STAT3	442
	Sodium phenylbutyrate	IPEC-J2	pBD1-3	TLR2/4-NF-κB	443,444
	Caprylic acid and nonanoic acid	IPEC-J2	pBD1-2	Acetylation H3K9	441
	Sodium phenylbutyrate	IPEC-J2	pBD1-3	HDAC inhibition	443
	Butyrate	Macrophage and intestine	pBD2-3	HDAC inhibition	446
Amino acid	Leucine	Mice PCs	Cryptdin1		453
	l-isoleucine	IPEC-J2	pBD1-3	Sirt1-ERK-90RSK	455
	l-isoleucine	Caco-	hBD2		456
	l-arginine	Intestine and oral	pBD2-3		457
	Isoleucine	Caco-2	hBD2	GPCR-ERK	456
	l-isoleucine	Bovine kidney EC	β-defensins	NF-κB/rel	458
Microelements	25OH vitamin D3 (25D3)	keratinocytes	hBD4	TLR2-NF-κB-Cyp271b/Cyp24-VDR	459,460
	1,25OH vitamin D3	IEC and monocyte	AvBD3/6/9	VDR	461
	Zn2+	IPEC-J2	pBD1-3		454
Plant extracts	ITF	Intestine	mBD1		467
	Avocado sugar	keratinocyte	hBD2	TLR2-ERK/MAPK	468
	EGCG	IPEC-J2	pBD2	ERK1/2/p38-MAPK	464
	Dehydroandrographolid	HCT-116	hBD2	p38-MAPK	470
	Reishi	Intestine	RD5-6	TLR4	471
	β-Glucan	Ovine ruminal ECs	SBD1	Dectin-1-Syk-NF-κB	469
	Black tea extract and theaflavins	Oral ECs	hBD1/2/4		466
Probiotics	Lactobacillus	Caco-2	hBD2	NF-κB and AP-1	473
	Escherichia coli Nissle 1917	Fecal	hBD2	NF-κB and AP-1	476–478
	Bacillus subtilis yb-1114246	Intestine	AvBD1	TLR2-NF-κB	435
	Clostridium butyricum	IPEC-J2 and Intestine	pBD1-3	TLR2	479
	Lactobacillus casei strain Shirot	Caco-2	hBD2		504
	Bacillus subtilis BYS2	Intestine	AvBD1/6		505
	Lactobacillus salivarius B1	Intestine	pBD2		506
	Lactobacillus rhamnosus MLGA	Intestine	AvBD9		507
	Bifidobacterium longum spp. S12	Intestine and cancer cells	hBD2		508
	Lactobacillus helveticus SBT2171	Caco-2	hBD2	TLR2-JNK	472