Table 2.
Characteristics of social media usage, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, depression, and anxiety related disorder among high school female adolescents (N = 219)
| Characteristics | N(%) | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At base line | At 3 months | At 6 months | |||
| Social media usage | |||||
| Average social media usage (hours/day) (SD) | 7.14(3.95) | 8.18(4.12) | 8.01(3.52) | < 0.001 | |
| Average frequency of using during past week (days) (SD) | 6.65(1.14) | 6.69(0.95) | 6.83(0.65) | 0.04 | |
| Social media usage |
YouTube Line Thai-weblog |
204(93.2) 196(89.5) 178(81.3) 148(67.6) 76(34.7) 108(49.3) |
196(89.5) 177(80.8) 194(89.5) 160(73.1) 80(36.5) 86(39.3) |
195(89) 181(82.6) 194(88.6) 160(73.1) 77(35.2) 52(23.7) |
0.19 0.81 0.90 0.09 0.85 < 0.001 |
| Online gaming | 70(32) | 94(42.9) | 65(29.7) | 0.002 | |
| Device |
Smartphone Computer/tablet/smartphone |
154(70.2) 65(29.8) |
67(30.6) 152(69.4) |
86(39.3) 133(60.7) |
< 0.001 < 0001 |
| Having problems with social media usage | 72(32.9) | 36(16.4) | 42(19.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Using social media at weekdays |
6.01 A.M.-5.59 PM 6.00 PM-12.00 PM 0.01-6.00 AM |
35(16) 160(73.1) 11(5) |
20(9.1) 197(90) 2(0.9) |
36(16.4) 176(81.3) 5(2.3) |
0.02 0.001 0.03 |
| Using social media at weekend |
6.01 A.M.-5.059 PM 6.00 PM-12.00 PM 0.01-6.00 AM |
40(18.3) 141(64.4) 34(15.5) |
75(34.2) 122(55.7) 22(10) |
51(23.3) 151(68.9) 17(7.8) |
< 0.001 0.004 0.006 |
| Feeling distressed if not using social media | 91(41.6) | 92(42) | 94(42.9) | 0.99 | |
| Family and friends tell you to decrease using social media | 146(66.7) | 140(63.9) | 122(55.7) | 0.01 | |
| Using social media to relax | 184(84) | 207(94.5) | 195(89) | 0.003 | |
| Using social media to socialize | 108(49.3) | 126(57.5) | 107(48.9) | 0.02 | |
| Social media causes sleep insufficiency | 137(62.6) | 102(46.6) | 109(49.9) | < 0.001 | |
| Desired to stop using social media and seek help | 30(13.7 ) | 21(9.6) | 19(8.7) | 0.07 | |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | |||||
| Poor Thai-PSQI global scores | 123(56.1) | 117(53.4) | 111(50.7) | 0.08 | |
| Average Thai-PSQI global scores for sleep quality (SD) | 6.29 (2.71) | 6.13 (2.67) | 5.91(2.65) | 0.13 | |
| Average sleep latency (minutes) | 19.83(21.25) | 15.60(14.06) | 16.38(18.02) | 0.002 | |
| Average sleep duration (hours/night) | 6.50(1.79) | 6.99(1.78) | 6.64(1.38) | 0.001 | |
| Self-perception of poor sleep quality | 188(85.8) | 187(85.4) | 183(83.6) | 0.45 | |
| Sleep latency (minutes) |
≤ 15 16–30 31–60 > 60 |
103(47) 80(36.5) 20(9.1) 4(1.8) |
124(56.6) 79(36.1) 14(6.4) 1(0.5) |
125(57.5) 74(33.8) 11(5) 4(1.8) |
0.01 0.33 0.06 0.32 |
| Sleep duration |
< 6 h 6–8 h > 8 h |
47(18.7) 145(66.2) 19(8.7) |
41(18.7) 149(68.0) 29(13.2) |
38(17.4) 168(76.7) 12(5.5) |
0.27 0.04 0.02 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency |
> 85% 75–84% 65–74% < 65% |
24(11.0) 124(56.6) 56(25.6) 10(4.6) |
29(13.2) 120(54.8) 59(26.9) 11(5.0๗ |
28(12.8) 115(52.5) 68(31.1) 7(3.2) |
0.85 0.59 0.46 0.54 |
| Sleep disturbance (sum scores) |
0 1–9 10–18 19–27 |
14(6.4) 162(74.0) 43(19.6) 0 |
12(5.5) 159(72.6) 48(21.9) 0 |
15(6.9) 168(76.7) 36(16.4) 0 |
0.83 0.38 0.18 - |
| Use of sleep medication | 21(9.6) | 12(5.5) | 21(9.6) | 0.02 | |
| Daytime dysfunction | 100(45.7) | 111(50.7) | 122(55.7) | 0.92 | |
| Depression | |||||
| Average self-rating happiness score (SD) | 7.31(1.9) | 7.47(1.9) | 6.94(2) | < 0.001 | |
| Average PHQ-9#–Thai version scores (SD) | 7.78(5.17) | 7.17(5.6) | 6.89(5.7) | < 0.001 | |
| PHQ-9#-Thai version scores |
None (0–6) Mild (7–12) Moderate to severe (13–27) |
112(51.1) 72(32.9) 35(16.0) |
127(58.0) 64(29.2) 28(12.8) |
118(53.9) 70(32.0) 31(14.2) |
0.07 0.50 0.31 |
| Feeling sad for more than two weeks | 44(20.1) | 31(14.2) | 55(25.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Ever had suicidal ideation | 40(18.3) | 50(22.8) | 42(19.2) | 0.34 | |
| Ever had suicidal plan | 21(9.6) | 27(12.3) | 18(8.2) | 0.15 | |
| Anxiety-related disorders | |||||
| Average SCARED##-Thai version scores (SD) | 29.68(13.07) | 30.19(15.90) | 30.54(14.29) | 0.58 | |
| SCARED##-Thai version (scores ≥ 25) | 142(64.8) | 135(61.6) | 149(68.0) | 0.16 | |
| Generalize anxiety disorder (scores ≥ 9) | 120(54.8) | 118(53.9) | 124(56.6) | 0.72 | |
| Social anxiety disorder scores (scores ≥ 8) | 91(41.6) | 83(37.9) | 88(40.2) | 0.55 | |
#PHQ-9 : Patient health questionaires-9 ##SCARED: Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders