Table 3.
Results of the meta-analyses performed on a subset of the studies included in the systematic review. For each combination of exposure and outcome, and for each sex category (boys and girls combined, only boys, and only girls) a meta-analysis was performed only if suitable information was reported from at least 3 studies. In this table, the pooled estimated of the random effects models (with the 95% confidence interval) from the generic invariance method, the I2 of the heterogeneity test, the p-value of the Egger’s test, and the pooled estimated of the random effects models (with the 95% confidence interval) by weighting per sample size are reported. The complete forest and funnel plots are reported in the supplementary figures
| Conditions assessed | Studies included | Random effects model [95% CI] Generic invariance method |
Heterogeneity (I2) | Egger’s test p-value | Random effects model [95% CI] Weighted per sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prenatal PFOA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 69, 70, 74–76, 79, 81, 83, 86–92, 94] | -0.0015 [-0.0112; 0.0081] | 0.58 | 0.743 | 0.0099 [-0.0031; 0.0228] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 81–83, 86–88, 91, 92] | -0.0003 [-0.0010; 0.0005] | 0.00 | 0.027 | -0.0081 [-0.0229; 0.0068] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 78, 81–83, 86–88, 91, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.0001; 0.0002] | 0.66 | 0.814 | 0.0015 [-0.0104; 0.0134] |
| Prenatal PFOS and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 69, 70, 74–76, 79, 81, 83, 86–92, 94] | -0.0002 [-0.0014; 0.0010] | 0.57 | 0.973 | -0.0035 [-0.0096; 0.0025] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 81–83, 86–88, 91, 92] | -0.0001 [-0.0010; 0.0009] | 0.00 | 0.299 | -0.0044 [-0.0103; 0.0014] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 78, 81–83, 86–88, 91, 92] | -0.0012 [-0.0043; 0.0019] | 0.63 | 0.588 | -0.0009 [-0.0064; 0.0045] |
| Prenatal PFHxS and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 69, 70, 75, 76, 81, 83, 86, 87, 90, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.007; 0.0069] | 0.00 | 0.389 | -0.0008 [-0.0524; 0.0509] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0020 [-0.0050; 0.0011] | 0.00 | 0.601 | -0.0268 [-0.0983; 0.0447] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 78, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0010 [-0.0046; 0.0025] | 0.00 | 0.080 | 0.0486 [-0.0013; 0.0986] |
| Prenatal PFNA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 69, 70, 75, 76, 81, 83, 86, 87, 90, 92] | -0.0002 [-0.0034; 0.0029] | 0.21 | 0.112 | 0.0481 [-0.013; 0.1091] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0024 [-0.0111; 0.0063] | 0.22 | 0.232 | 0.0931 [0.0108; 0.1753] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 78, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0040 [-0.0052; 0.0131] | 0.33 | 0.040 | 0.0800 [0.0036; 0.1564] |
| Prenatal PFDA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [69, 70, 76, 86, 87, 90] | -0.0008 [-0.0045; 0.0029] | 0.03 | 0.855 | 0.0201 [-0.0644; 0.1046] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 86, 87] | 0.0011 [-0.0041; 0.0064] | 0.00 | 0.753 | 0.0235 [-0.1035; 0.1504] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 86, 87] | -0.0015 [-0.0065; 0.0034] | 0.1 | 0.362 | 0.0329 [-0.0815; 0.1473] |
| Prenatal PFUA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 69, 70, 76, 87] | -0.0016 [-0.0048; 0.0017] | 0.00 | 0.618 | -0.2062 [-0.6457; 0.2333] |
| Boys | [68–70, 76, 87] | 0.0019 [-0.0055; 0.0092] | 0.00 | 0.343 | 0.0860 [-0.0910; 0.2630] |
| Girls | [68–70, 76, 87] | -0.0041 [-0.0094; 0.0012] | 0.00 | 0.994 | -0.0082 [-0.1418; 0.1254] |
| Prenatal PFDoA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [69, 76, 87] | 0.0154 [-0.0306; 0.0614] | 0.50 | 0.680 | 0.0433 [-0.0221; 0.1088] |
| Boys | [69, 76, 87] | 0.0223 [-0.0244; 0.0690] | 0.34 | 0.677 | 0.0442 [-0.0187; 0.1070] |
| Girls | [69, 76, 87] | 0.0054 [-0.0250; 0.0357] | 0.34 | 0.732 | 0.0284 [-0.0188; 0.0757] |
| Prenatal PFBS and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [69, 76, 87] | 0.0011 [-0.0073; 0.0096] | 0.52 | 0.576 | -0.0555 [-0.1196; 0.0086] |
| Boys | [69, 76, 87] | -0.0135 [-0.0533; 0.0262] | 0.47 | 0.757 | -0.0552 [-0.1256; 0.0153] |
| Girls | [69, 76, 87] | 0.0023 [-0.0026; 0.0073] | 0.52 | 0.561 | -0.0557 [-0.1178; 0.0065] |
| Prenatal PFOA and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [70, 71, 74, 83, 84, 90, 92, 94] | 0.0084 [-0.0003; 0.0171] | 0.02 | 0.063 | 0.0142 [-0.0006; 0.0289] |
| Prenatal PFOS and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [70, 71, 74, 83, 84, 90, 92, 94] | 0.0007 [-0.0012; 0.0026] | 0.19 | 0.504 | 0.0016 [-0.0018; 0.0050] |
| Prenatal PFHxS and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [70, 71, 83, 84, 90, 92] | -0.0035 [-0.0235; 0.0166] | 0.41 | 0.312 | -0.0627 [-0.1201; -0.0052] |
| Prenatal PFNA and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [70, 71, 83, 84, 90, 92] | 0.0250 [-0.0116; 0.0616] | 0.02 | 0.338 | -0.0633 [-0.1611; 0.0344] |
| Prenatal PFOA and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [65, 69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.0001; 0.0000] | 0.00 | 0.168 | 0.0017 [-0.0152; 0.0186] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 81–83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0001 [-0.0002; 0.0001] | 0.00 | 0.467 | 0.0019 [-0.0177; 0.0214] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 78, 81–83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.0001; 0.0001] | 0.35 | 0.884 | -0.0046 [-0.0207; 0.0114] |
| Prenatal PFOS and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [65, 69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0000 [0.0000; 0.0001] | 0.00 | 0.405 | -0.0045 [-0.0117; 0.0027] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 81–83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.0001; 0.0001] | 0.00 | 0.987 | -0.0024 [-0.0101; 0.0054] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 78, 81–83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0001 [-0.0004; 0.0003] | 0.46 | 0.500 | 0.0003 [-0.0063; 0.0070] |
| Prenatal PFHxS and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [65, 69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0001 [-0.0001; 0.0003] | 0.00 | 0.589 | -0.0050 [-0.0426; 0.0326] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0001 [-0.0005; 0.0002] | 0.04 | 0.661 | -0.0516 [-0.1332; 0.0300] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 78, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0000 [-0.0004; 0.0005] | 0.00 | 0.620 | 0.0151 [-0.0300; 0.0601] |
| Prenatal PFNA and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [65, 69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0004 [-0.0006; 0.0015] | 0.16 | 0.019 | 0.0467 [0.0063; 0.0872] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | -0.0001 [-0.0006; 0.0003] | 0.00 | 0.042 | 0.0465 [-0.0123; 0.1053] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 78, 81, 83, 86, 87, 92] | 0.0010 [-0.0002; 0.0023] | 0.00 | 0.592 | 0.0137 [-0.0353; 0.0628] |
| Prenatal PFDA and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [69, 70, 86, 87] | 0.0003 [-0.0002; 0.0008] | 0.00 | 0.607 | 0.0538 [-0.1353; 0.2429] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 86, 87] | -0.0001 [-0.0004; 0.0003] | 0.00 | 0.833 | 0.0632 [-0.2203; 0.3468] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 86, 87] | 0.0010 [-0.0001; 0.0021] | 0.00 | 0.728 | 0.0444 [-0.2168; 0.3056] |
| Prenatal PFUA and WC | |||||
| Both sexes | [69, 70, 87] | 0.0005 [-0.0010; 0.0020] | 0.67 | 0.345 | 0.3729 [0.0703; 0.6755] |
| Boys | [69, 70, 87] | 0.0002 [-0.0044; 0.0049] | 0.38 | 0.195 | 0.5132 [-0.1139; 1.1404] |
| Girls | [69, 70, 87] | 0.0015 [-0.0015; 0.0045] | 0.00 | 0.242 | 0.2805 [-0.1624; 0.7234] |
| Childhood PFOA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 79, 81, 90, 98, 104, 105, 111] | -0.0525 [-0.1039; -0.0012] | 0.84 | 0.023 | -0.0445 [-0.0604; -0.0286] |
| Boys | [81, 98, 111] | -0.0910 [-0.2488; 0.0668] | 0.89 | 0.394 | -0.0410 [-0.2285; 0.1464] |
| Girls | [81, 98, 111, 112] | -0.0150 [-0.0401; 0.0100] | 0.74 | 0.256 | -0.0134 [-0.0456; 0.0187] |
| Childhood PFOS and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 79, 81, 90, 98, 104, 105, 111] | -0.0166 [-0.0283; -0.0049] | 0.82 | 0.011 | -0.0226 [-0.0412; -0.0039] |
| Boys | [81, 98, 111] | -0.0229 [-0.0338; -0.0120] | 0.00 | 0.359 | -0.0235 [-0.0354; -0.0116] |
| Girls | [81, 98, 111] | -0.0162 [-0.0531; 0.0207] | 0.84 | 0.972 | -0.0278 [-0.0719; 0.0164] |
| Childhood PFHxS and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 81, 90, 98, 104, 111] | -0.0247 [-0.0814; 0.0320] | 0.35 | 0.260 | -0.0334 [-0.1157; 0.0489] |
| Boys | [81, 98, 111] | -0.0547 [-0.2558; 0.1464] | 0.18 | 0.444 | -0.0331 [-0.1620; 0.0957] |
| Girls | [81, 98, 111] | 0.0667 [-0.1136; 0.2469] | 0.35 | 0.079 | 0.0399 [-0.1249; 0.2047] |
| Childhood PFNA and BMI | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 81, 90, 104, 111] | -0.2162 [-0.4883; 0.0558] | 0.81 | 0.383 | -0.3279 [-0.6121; -0.0438] |
| Childhood PFOA and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [64, 90, 96, 108] | -0.0101 [-0.0497; 0.0295] | 0.84 | 0.413 | -0.0074 [-0.0554; 0.0407] |
| Childhood PFOS and risk of overweight | |||||
| Both sexes | [90, 96, 108] | 0.0016 [-0.0081; 0.0113] | 0.78 | 0.231 | -0.0007 [-0.0137; 0.0123] |