Table I.
Characteristics of the study population
| Variable | Male (n = 834) | Female (n = 371) |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 60.46(13.20) | 62.98 (14.56) |
| Educational status, n (%) | ||
| No education | 75 (9.00) | 67 (18.16) |
| Up to primary school | 351 (42.14) | 189 (51.22) |
| Secondary | 280 (33.61) | 83 (22.49) |
| Graduates and above | 127(15.25) | 30 (8.13) |
| Acute de novo HF, n (%) | 335 (40.17) | 144(38.81) |
| Etiology, n (%) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 620 (74.34) | 246 (66.31) |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 111 (13.31) | 45 (12.13) |
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 19(2.28) | 8 (2.16) |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 52 (6.24) | 43 (11.59) |
| Hypertension | 5 (0.60) | 6 (1.62) |
| Miscellaneous | 27 (3.24) | 23 (6.20) |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||
| Hypertension | 476 (57.07) | 220 (59.30) |
| Diabetes | 464 (55.64) | 198 (53.37) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 160(19.18) | 56 (15.09) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 130 (15.59) | 56 (15.09) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 109 (13.07) | 68 (18.33) |
| Stroke | 54 (6.47) | 21 (5.66) |
| Severity of HF, n (%) | ||
| NYHA class IV | 254 (31.20) | 128 (36.78) |
| Ejection fraction <45 | 645 (77.34) | 249 (67.12) |
| Habits, n (%) | ||
| Current tobacco use | 187 (22.42) | 1 (0.27) |
| Past tobacco use | 301 (36.09) | None |
| Current alcohol use | 234 (28.06) | None |
| Past alcohol use | 21 (2.52) | None |
| Clinical measurements, mean (SD) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128.53 (32.66) | 131.13 (31.63) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80.23 (16.45) | 81.41 (16.92) |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.54 (0.92) | 1.29 (0.86) |
| Heart rate >100 beats/s, n (%) | 487 (58.53) | 233 (63.49) |