Table 1.
Baseline of HF patients with and without stroke
| HFrEF (N = 20 159) | SMDa 95% (CI) | HFpEF (N = 13252) | SMDa 95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No prior stroke (n = 18 476) | Prior stroke (n = 1683) | No prior stroke (n = 11 965) | Prior stroke (n = 1287) | |||
| Baseline characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 64.0 ± 11.6 | 66.8 ± 10.0 | 0.262 (0.212–0.312) | 71.0 ± 9.1 | 72.2 ± 8.4 | 0.140 (0.082–0.198) |
| Age groups, years | 0.276 (0.226–0.326) | 0.141 (0.083–0.198) | ||||
| ≤40 | 642 (3.5) | 18 (1.1) | 33 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| 41–55 | 3413 (18.5) | 190 (11.3) | 588 (4.9) | 42 (3.3) | ||
| 56–70 | 8653 (46.8) | 837 (49.7) | 4826 (40.3) | 477 (37.1) | ||
| >70 | 5768 (31.2) | 638 (37.9) | 6518 (54.5) | 768 (59.7) | ||
| Sex | 0.049 (−0.001 to 0.099) | 0.042 (−0.016 to 0.099) | ||||
| Female | 4124 (22.3) | 342 (20.3) | 6284 (52.5) | 649 (50.4) | ||
| Male | 14 352 (77.7) | 1341 (79.7) | 5681 (47.5) | 638 (49.6) | ||
| Region | 0.206 (0.156–0.256) | 0.153 (0.096–0.211) | ||||
| North America | 1304 (7.1) | 152 (9.0) | 2999 (25.1) | 368 (28.6) | ||
| Latin Americab | 3118 (16.9) | 251 (14.9) | 1281 (10.7) | 95 (7.4) | ||
| Western Europe | 4068 (22.0) | 384 (22.8) | 3640 (30.4) | 381 (29.6) | ||
| Eastern Europec | 5749 (31.1) | 625 (37.1) | 3149 (26.3) | 319 (24.8) | ||
| Asia/Pacific and other | 4237 (22.9) | 271 (16.1) | 896 (7.5) | 124 (9.6) | ||
| Race | 0.167 (0.117–0.217) | 0.116 (0.058–0.173) | ||||
| White | 12 244 (66.3) | 1225 (72.8) | 10 385 (86.8) | 1109 (86.2) | ||
| Black | 690 (3.7) | 73 (4.3) | 526 (4.4) | 67 (5.2) | ||
| Asian | 4116 (22.3) | 273 (16.2) | 636 (5.3) | 86 (6.7) | ||
| Others | 1426 (7.7) | 112 (6.7) | 418 (3.5) | 25 (1.9) | ||
| SBP, mmHg | 122.2 ± 16.6 | 123.1 ± 16.6 | 0.056 (0.006–0.106) | 133.1 ± 16.4 | 133.5 ± 16.8 | 0.027 (−0.031 to 0.084) |
| SBP category | 0.075 (0.025–0.125) | 0.045 (−0.012 to 0.103) | ||||
| <110 | 4059 (22.0) | 359 (21.3) | 676 (5.7) | 83 (6.4) | ||
| 110–119 | 3936 (21.3) | 314 (18.7) | 1526 (12.8) | 151 (11.7) | ||
| 120–129 | 4232 (22.9) | 410 (24.4) | 2361 (19.7) | 249 (19.3) | ||
| 130–129 | 3263 (17.7) | 308 (18.3) | 2834 (23.7) | 310 (24.1) | ||
| ≥140 | 2984 (16.2) | 292 (17.3) | 4565 (38.2) | 494 (38.4) | ||
| DBP, mmHg | 74.0 ± 10.6 | 74.1 ± 10.4 | 0.010 (−0.040 to 0.060) | 76.0 ± 10.6 | 75.5 ± 10.8 | 0.053 (−0.004 to 0.111) |
| PP, mmHg | 48.2 ± 13.0 | 49.0 ± 13.0 | 0.063 (0.013–0.113) | 57.1 ± 14.4 | 58.1 ± 15.0 | 0.069 (0.012–0.127) |
| MAP, mmHg | 90.1 ± 11.4 | 90.4 ± 11.3 | 0.033 (−0.017 to 0.083) | 95.0 ± 10.9 | 94.8 ± 11.1 | 0.021 (−0.036 to 0.079) |
| HR, bpm | 72.0 ± 12.1 | 71.2 ± 12.0 | 0.064 (0.014–0.114) | 70.7 ± 11.7 | 71.4 ± 12.1 | 0.064 (0.006–0.122) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.1 (24.0–31.0) | 27.1 (24.2–31.0) | 0.029 (−0.021 to 0.079) | 29.4 (26.2–33.7) | 29.4 (26.2–33.6) | 0.007 (−0.051 to 0.064) |
| Weight category | 0.069 (0.019–0.119) | 0.045 (−0.013 to 0.102) | ||||
| < 18.5 | 372 (2.0) | 22 (1.3) | 60 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | ||
| 18.5–25.0 | 5363 (29.1) | 463 (27.6) | 1964 (16.5) | 215 (16.7) | ||
| 25.0–30 | 6929 (37.6) | 663 (39.5) | 4346 (36.4) | 469 (36.5) | ||
| ≥ 30.0 | 5784 (31.4) | 532 (31.7) | 5559 (46.6) | 599 (46.6) | ||
| CHA2DS2-VAScd | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 1.784 (1.731–1.837) | 4.0 (4.0–5.0) | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 1.947 (1.872–2.022) |
| Comorbidities and personal habits | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation (history) | 6501 (35.2) | 798 (47.4) | 0.250 (0.200–0.300) | 4657 (38.9) | 620 (48.2) | 0.188 (0.130–0.246) |
| Hypertension | 12 448 (67.4) | 1347 (80.0) | 0.291 (0.241–0.341) | 10 345 (86.5) | 1160 (90.1) | 0.114 (0.057–0.172) |
| CHDe | 11 507 (62.3) | 1239 (73.6) | 0.245 (0.195–0.295) | 6340 (53.0) | 760 (59.1) | 0.122 (0.065–0.180) |
| Angina pectorisf | 4608 (24.9) | 527 (31.3) | 0.142 (0.092–0.192) | 3902 (32.6) | 449 (34.9) | 0.048 (−0.009 to 0.106) |
| MI | 7717 (41.8) | 856 (50.9) | 0.183 (0.133–0.233) | 3052 (25.5) | 411 (31.9) | 0.142 (0.085–0.200) |
| Prior PCI/CABG | 6092 (33.0) | 633 (37.6) | 0.097 (0.047–0.147) | 2900 (24.2) | 362 (28.1) | 0.089 (0.031–0.146) |
| PCI | 4378 (23.7) | 426 (25.3) | 0.038 (−0.012 to 0.087) | 1574 (19.1) | 187 (21.1) | 0.049 (−0.021 to 0.118) |
| CABG | 2752 (14.9) | 328 (19.5) | 0.122 (0.072–0.172) | 1272 (15.4) | 169 (19.0) | 0.095 (0.026–0.164) |
| Cerebral vascular disease | ||||||
| Subtypes of stroke | ||||||
| Ischaemicg | 1130 (94.9) | 402 (79.1) | ||||
| Haemorrhagicg | 56 (4.7) | 25 (4.9) | ||||
| Other/unknowng | - | 81 (15.9) | ||||
| Prior TIA | 494 (2.7) | 125 (7.4) | 0.218 (0.168–0.268) | 172 (4.0) | 54 (10.7) | 0.256 (0.164–0.349) |
| Carotid artery diseaseh | 641 (3.5) | 190 (11.3) | 0.303 (0.253–0.353) | 238 (5.6) | 55 (10.9) | 0.193 (0.101–0.285) |
| Carotid artery stenosis | 579 (3.1) | 184 (10.9) | 0.309 (0.259–0.359) | 191 (4.5) | 42 (8.3) | 0.156 (0.064–0.249) |
| Carotid artery revascularization | 183 (1.0) | 52 (3.1) | 0.149 (0.099–0.199) | 30 (0.7) | 8 (1.6) | 0.083 (−0.009 to 0.175) |
| Carotid artery endarterectomy | - | - | 41 (1.0) | 19 (3.7) | 0.184 (0.092–0.276) | |
| PADi | 1053 (5.7) | 171 (10.2) | 0.166 (0.116–0.216) | 393 (6.7) | 72 (10.8) | 0.147 (0.066–0.227) |
| Lower limb stenosis | 341 (2.4) | 53 (4.4) | 0.108 (0.050–0.167) | 90 (2.1) | 16 (3.2) | 0.065 (−0.027 to 0.157) |
| Lower limb revascularization | 350 (1.9) | 44 (2.6) | 0.049 (−0.001 to 0.098) | 102 (2.4) | 13 (2.6) | 0.011 (−0.081 to 0.103) |
| Intermittent claudication | 587 (4.1) | 87 (7.1) | 0.131 (0.072–0.189) | 131 (3.1) | 29 (5.7) | 0.129 (0.037–0.221) |
| PAOD | 273 (6.4) | 51 (10.9) | 0.163 (0.067–0.258) | - | - | |
| Renal artery stenosis | 55 (0.3) | 14 (0.8) | 0.071 (0.021–0.121) | 22 (0.5) | 10 (2.0) | 0.132 (0.040–0.224) |
| Abdominal aortic aneurism | 242 (1.3) | 43 (2.6) | 0.091 (0.041–0.140) | 54 (1.3) | 9 (1.8) | 0.042 (−0.050 to 0.134) |
| Non-cardiovascular systems | ||||||
| COPD/asthma | 2686 (14.5) | 269 (16.0) | 0.040 (−0.010 to 0.090) | 1513 (15.7) | 213 (20.0) | 0.112 (0.048–0.175) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 6173 (33.4) | 661 (39.3) | 0.122 (0.072–0.172) | 4170 (34.9) | 541 (42.0) | 0.148 (0.091–0.206) |
| Anaemiaj | 4245 (23.4) | 367 (22.2) | 0.028 (−0.023 to 0.078) | 2296 (22.3) | 286 (25.2) | 0.068 (0.007–0.129) |
| Current smoker | 2559 (13.9) | 243 (14.4) | 0.017 (−0.033 to 0.067) | 1371 (11.5) | 155 (12.1) | 0.018 (−0.040 to 0.075) |
| HF characteristics and investigations | ||||||
| Ischaemic aetiologyk | 10 498 (56.8) | 1142 (67.9) | 0.229 (0.179–0.279) | 4417 (36.9) | 539 (41.9) | 0.102 (0.044–0.159) |
| Time since HF diagnosis | 0.277 (0.227–0.327) | 0.101 (0.040–0.163) | ||||
| ≤1 year | 5647 (30.6) | 335 (19.9) | 4610 .6) | 448 (39.8) | ||
| >1–5 years | 6978 (37.8) | 638 (37.9) | 3712 (35.9) | 431 (38.2) | ||
| >5 years | 5847 (31.7) | 710 (42.2) | 2011 (19.5) | 248 (22.0) | ||
| Previous hospitalization for HF | 10720 (58.0) | 993 (59.0) | 0.020 (−0.030 to 0.070) | 6223 (52.0) | 679 (52.8) | 0.015 (−0.043 to 0.072) |
| NYHA class III/IV | 5574 (30.2) | 623 (37.0) | 0.145 (0.095–0.195) | 5188 (43.4) | 619 (48.1) | 0.095 (0.038–0.153) |
| Quality of life scores | ||||||
| KCCQ clinical summary score | 74.7 ± 19.7 | 70.5 ± 20.9 | 0.205 (0.152–0.257) | 69.1 ± 20.9 | 65.9 ± 20.9 | 0.154 (0.073–0.235) |
| MLWHF | - | - | 42.0 (26.0–58.0) | 44.0 (28.0–61.0) | 0.101 (−0.005 to 0.206) | |
| Signs of congestion | ||||||
| Dyspnoea on effort | 12 110 (85.4) | 1057 (86.9) | 0.041 (−0.017 to 0.100) | 7812 (94.9) | 836 (94.1) | 0.035 (−0.035 to 0.104) |
| Dyspnoea at rest | 558 (3.9) | 54 (4.4) | 0.025 (−0.034 to 0.084) | 575 (7.0) | 63 (7.1) | 0.004 (−0.065 to 0.073) |
| Orthopnoea | 906 (6.4) | 65 (5.3) | 0.044 (−0.014 to 0.103) | 1732 (21.1) | 214 (24.1) | 0.072 (0.003–0.142) |
| PND | 699 (4.9) | 57 (4.7) | 0.011 (−0.047 to 0.070) | 431 (6.5) | 65 (8.9) | 0.090 (0.013–0.166) |
| Fatigue | 6998 (49.4) | 693 (57.0) | 0.153 (0.095–0.212) | 2122 (49.7) | 308 (60.6) | 0.221 (0.129–0.313) |
| Oedema | 2905 (20.5) | 287 (23.6) | 0.075 (0.017–0.134) | 5464 (45.7) | 649 (50.5) | 0.095 (0.038–0.153) |
| S3 gallop | 1301 (9.2) | 88 (7.2) | 0.071 (0.012–0.129) | 513 (5.0) | 49 (4.4) | 0.028 (−0.033 to 0.090) |
| JVD | 1351 (9.5) | 126 (10.4) | 0.028 (−0.031 to 0.086) | 1338 (11.3) | 153 (12.1) | 0.023 (−0.035 to 0.081) |
| Rales | 1254 (8.8) | 111 (9.1) | 0.010 (−0.049 to 0.068) | 1992 (16.7) | 216 (16.8) | 0.003 (−0.055 to 0.061) |
| ECG findings and NT-proBNP | ||||||
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 4377 (23.9) | 511 (30.5) | 0.150 (0.100–0.200) | 2743 (23.0) | 371 (28.8) | 0.133 (0.076–0.191) |
| LBBBl | 2649 (21.2) | 205 (19.7) | 0.035 (−0.028 to 0.099) | 564 (7.5) | 58 (6.9) | 0.024 (−0.047 to 0.096) |
| Paced rhythm | 2070 (11.3) | 242 (14.5) | 0.095 (0.045–0.145) | 767 (6.4) | 95 (7.4) | 0.037 (−0.020 to 0.095) |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1406 (782–2705) | 1572 (922–3118) | 0.153 (0.102–0.204) | 650 (314–1380) | 913 (383–1693) | 0.226 (0.156–0.297) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutterm | 1845 (1128–3223) | 1995 (1162–3440) | 0.081 (−0.012 to 0.175 | 1496 (1053–2215) | 1620 (1046–2342) | 0.051 (−0.073 to 0.176) |
| No atrial fibrillation/flutterm | 1261 (711–2493) | 1429 (814–2879) | 0.143 (0.082–0.203) | 455 (227–885) | 565 (292–1227) | 0.212 (0.127–0.297) |
| LVEF and other laboratory investigations | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 29.4 ± 6.3 | 29.8 ± 6.3 | 0.065 (0.015–0.114) | 57.9 ± 8.5 | 57.9 ± 8.6 | 0.009 (−0.048 to 0.067) |
| Troponin T, ng/L | 18.0 (11.5–27.0) | 20.0 (13.1–30.2) | 0.202 (0.110–0.294) | 16.0 (11.0–24.0) | 18.0 (13.0–27.0) | 0.252 (0.074–0.430) |
| >99th centile | 2983 (64.0) | 361 (71.1) | 0.150 (0.059–0.242) | 634 (56.0) | 95 (69.3) | 0.263 (0.085–0.441) |
| Neutrophils, 103 cells/µL | 4.2 (3.4–5.3) | 4.3 (3.5–5.4) | 0.052 (−0.007 to 0.112) | 4.2 (3.3–5.2) | 4.3 (3.5–5.3) | 0.096 (0.03–0.162) |
| Platelets, 109 cells/µL | 191.0 (159.0–229.0) | 187.0 (159.0–221.0) | 0.085 (0.025–0.145) | 218.0 (181.0–262.0) | 215.0 (180.0–256.0) | 0.056 (−0.005 to 0.118) |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 138.0 (127.0–149.0) | 140.0 (128.0–150.0) | 0.078 (0.028–0.129) | 136.0 (125.0–146.0) | 134.0 (123.3–145.0) | 0.072 (0.011–0.134) |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 141.0 (139.0–142.0) | 141.0 (139.0–143.0) | 0.087 (0.037–0.137) | 140.0 (138.0–142.0) | 141.0 (139.0–143.0) | 0.067 (0.006–0.128) |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 4.5 (4.2–4.8) | 0.019 (−0.032 to 0.069) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 0.078 (0.017–0.139) |
| ALT, U/L | 17.0 (13.0–24.0) | 17.0 (13.0–23.0) | 0.076 (0.025–0.126) | 18.0 (14.0–25.0) | 18.0 (13.0–25.0) | 0.067 (0.006–0.128) |
| Bilirubin, μmol/L | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 10.0 (8.0–14.0) | 0.003 (−0.047 to 0.053) | 9.0 (6.8–12.0) | 9.0 (6.8–12.0) | 0.055 (−0.006 to 0.116) |
| Albumin, g/L | 43.0 (41.0–45.0) | 43.0 (41.0–45.0) | 0.047 (−0.012 to 0.106) | 42.0 (38.0–45.0) | 42.0 (39.0–45.0) | 0.024 (−0.039 to 0.088) |
| BUN, mmol/L | 7.0 (5.5–8.9) | 7.5 (6.1–9.7) | 0.233 (0.183–0.283) | 7.1 (5.7–9.3) | 7.5 (6.0–10.0) | 0.110 (0.048–0.171) |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 93.0 (79.0–111.0) | 99.9 (83.3–121.0) | 0.261 (0.211–0.311) | 88.4 (71.0–108.7) | 95.0 (79.0–118.0) | 0.194 (0.133–0.255) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 68.0 (55.0–82.0) | 63.0 (50.0–76.0) | 0.279 (0.23–0.329) | 65.2 (51.7–80.0) | 61.1 (47.7–76.5) | 0.191 (0.130–0.252) |
| eGFR <60, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 6112 (33.1) | 724 (43.0) | 0.206 (0.156–0.256) | 4192 (40.4) | 561 (49.0) | 0.172 (0.111–0.234) |
| HbA1c, % | 6.1 (5.7–6.8) | 6.1 (5.7–7.1) | 0.069 (−0.026 to 0.165) | 6.2 (5.8–7.0) | 6.3 (5.8–7.2) | 0.091 (0.007–0.176) |
| Medication and other interventions | ||||||
| Diuretics | 15 369 (83.2) | 1400 (83.2) | 0.000 (−0.050 to 0.050) | 10342 (86.4) | 1148 (89.2) | 0.084 (0.027–0.142) |
| Loop | 14 013 (75.8) | 1278 (75.9) | 0.002 (−0.048 to 0.052) | 6692 (64.6) | 800 (70.9) | 0.134 (0.072–0.195) |
| Thiazides | 1271 (6.9) | 120 (7.1) | 0.010 (−0.040 to 0.060) | 2386 (23.0) | 222 (19.7) | 0.082 (0.021–0.144) |
| Digitalis | 5216 (28.2) | 452 (26.9) | 0.031 (−0.019 to 0.081) | 1692 (14.1) | 210 (16.3) | 0.061 (0.003–0.118) |
| Beta-blocker | 17 233 (93.3) | 1568 (93.2) | 0.004 (−0.046 to 0.054) | 8156 (68.2) | 889 (69.1) | 0.019 (−0.038 to 0.077) |
| MRA n,o | 9747 (52.8) | 896 (53.2) | 0.010 (−0.040 to 0.060) | 1942 (18.8) | 230 (20.4) | 0.041 (−0.021 to 0.102) |
| ACEI/ARB/ARNIp | 18 213 (98.6) | 1644 (97.7) | 0.066 (0.016–0.116) | 5548 (94.3) | 632 (94.9) | 0.027 (−0.053 to 0.107) |
| CCB | 1698 (9.2) | 228 (13.5) | 0.138 (0.088–0.188) | 4294 (35.9) | 499 (38.8) | 0.060 (0.002–0.117) |
| Nitrates | 3137 (17.0) | 301 (17.9) | 0.024 (−0.026 to 0.074) | 2641 (22.1) | 309 (24.0) | 0.046 (−0.012 to 0.103) |
| Statins | 10 442 (56.5) | 1119 (66.5) | 0.206 (0.156–0.256) | 4775 (49.7) | 631 (59.2) | 0.193 (0.130–0.256) |
| In patients with arterial diseaseq | 8374 (71.7) | 933 (73.5) | 0.041 (−0.017 to 0.099) | 3011 (60.7) | 419 (65.8) | 0.105 (0.023–0.188) |
| Antiarrhythmics | 2077 (11.2) | 190 (11.3) | 0.002 (−0.048 to 0.051) | 1131 (9.5) | 135 (10.5) | 0.035 (−0.023 to 0.092) |
| Antiplatelet | 10 255 (55.5) | 940 (55.9) | 0.007 (−0.043 to 0.057) | 5102 (42.6) | 589 (45.8) | 0.063 (0.005–0.120) |
| Aspirin | 9388 (50.8) | 828 (49.2) | 0.032 (−0.018 to 0.082) | 6064 (50.7) | 613 (47.6) | 0.061 (0.004–0.119) |
| Anticoagulant | 5957 (32.2) | 815 (48.4) | 0.334 (0.284–0.384) | 3143 (26.3) | 460 (35.7) | 0.206 (0.148–0.263) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutterm | 3240 (74.0) | 401 (78.5) | 0.105 (0.013–0.196) | 1828 (66.6) | 259 (69.8) | 0.068 (−0.040 to 0.177) |
| Atrial fibrillation history | 4509 (69.4) | 603 (75.6) | 0.139 (0.066–0.213) | 2744 (58.9) | 387 (62.4) | 0.072 (−0.012 to 0.155) |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 | 5495 (32.6) | 815 (48.4) | 0.328 (0.277–0.378) | 2194 (28.7) | 313 (35.2) | 0.141 (0.071–0.210) |
| Alpha adrenoceptor blocker | 189 (1.0) | 23 (1.4) | 0.032 (−0.018 to 0.082) | 389 (6.6) | 51 (7.7) | 0.041 (−0.039 to 0.121) |
| Insulin of patients with diabetes | 1555 (25.2) | 182 (27.5) | 0.053 (−0.027 to 0.133) | 866 (30.8) | 126 (33.2) | 0.053 (−0.055 to 0.160) |
| Pacemaker | 2186 (11.8) | 278 (16.5) | 0.135 (0.085–0.185) | 1005 (8.4) | 135 (10.5) | 0.072 (0.014–0.129) |
| ICD | 3209 (17.4) | 324 (19.3) | 0.049 (−0.001 to 0.099) | 76 (0.6) | 13 (1.0) | 0.042 (−0.016 to 0.099) |
| CRT-P or CRT-D | 1176 (6.4) | 145 (8.6) | 0.086 (0.036–0.135) | - | - | |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR) for continuous measures, and n (%) for categorical measures. Missing number of the variables in each trial can be found in Supplementary data online, Table S4.
Absolute SMD.
Including Central America.
including Central Europe and Russia.
CHA2DS2-VASc = congestive heart failure (1 point), hypertension (1 point), age ≥75 years (2 points), diabetes mellitus (1 point), prior stroke (2 points), vascular disease (myocardial infarction or peripheral artery disease, 1 point), age 65–74 years (1 point), and gender (1 point for female sex).
CHD = angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and ischaemic aetiology.
Defined as current angina in CHARM-Preserved.
As a percentage of all strokes.
Carotid artery disease = carotid artery stenosis, carotid artery revascularization, and carotid endarterectomy (defined with data available in each trial, also refer to Supplementary data online, Table S3).
PAD = history of peripheral artery disease, lower limb stenosis, lower limb revascularization, intermittent claudication, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease (defined with data available in each trial, also refer to Supplementary data online, Table S3).
Haemoglobin < 130 g/L for male and 120 g/L for female.
In TOPCAT-Americas, ischaemic aetiology = angina, myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass grafting.
Patients with paced rhythm excluded.
Based on electrocardiogram.
TOPCAT-Americas excluded.
Spironolactone in I-Preserve and CHARM-Preserved.
I-Preserve and CHARM-Preserved excluded.
Arterial disease = coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, and carotid artery disease.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CCB, dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker; CHARM-Preserved, Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy with defifibrillator; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy with pacemaker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HR, heart rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; I-Preserve, Irbesartan in heart failure with Preserved ejection fraction trial; JVD, jugular venous distension; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MI, myocardial infarction; MLWHF, Minnesota Living With Heart Failure questionnaire; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PAOD, peripheral arterial occlusive disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PND, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; PP, pulse Pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; TOPCAT-Americas, Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist trial.