Table 1.
Summary of Studies Reviewed
| Authors (Year) | Sample Size | Sample Type & Age | Study Design | Inflammatory Proteins | Inflammatory Measurement Method | Emotion Regulation Variables | Emotion Regulation Category for Narrative Summary | Covariates | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appleton et al. (2011) a | 379–400 (depending on model) | Community Mage 42.2 years, SD 1.8 years |
Longitudinal | CRP | Blood | Inappropriate self-regulation, distress proneness | Emotion Regulation/Dysregulation Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity |
Age, sex, race, study site, smoking status, depression, education, BMI, gestational age, WISC score, childhood SES, childhood health. | ↑ Childhood inappropriate self-regulation → ↑ Adult CRP (p = .002) ↑ Childhood distress proneness → ↑ Adult CRP (p = .03) |
| Appleton et al. (2013) a | 379 | Community Mage 42.2 years, SD 1.7 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Emotional suppression, Cognitive reappraisal | Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal |
Age, race, gender, study site | ↑ Cognitive reappraisal →↓ CRP (p < .01) ↑ Suppression → ↑ CRP (p < .001). |
| Appleton et al. (2012) a | 388 | Community Mage 42.1 years, SD 1.7 years |
Longitudinal | CRP | Blood | Childhood distress proneness, inappropriate self-regulation | Emotion Regulation/Dysregulation Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity |
Age, race, gender, study site, physical health, WISC score, BMI, depression, education, smoking status, gestational age | ↑ Childhood inappropriate self-regulation * ↓ income→ ↑ adult CRP (p < .05) ↑ Childhood distress proneness * ↓ income→ ↑ adult CRP (p < .05) ↑ Childhood distress proneness * middle income→ ↑ adult CRP (p < .05) |
| Castonguay et al. (2014) | 121 women | Clinical (breast cancer survivors) Mage 55.5 years, SD 11.0 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Health-related self-protection positive reappraisal | Cognitive Reappraisal | Age, education, smoking status, BMI, cancer stage, time since cancer diagnosis | ↓ Positive reappraisal * ↓ Capacity to disengage from unattainable goals→ ↑ CRP (β = .22, p = .01) Null: Positive reappraisal * Capacity to re-engagement with goals→ CRP (β = -.06, p=.55) |
| Chen et al. (2015) | 122 adolescents, 122 parents (tested separately) | Community Adolescent Mage 16.0 years, SD 1.2 years Parents Mage 46.7 years, SD 6.9 years |
Cross-sectional | Composite of CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Shift (positive reappraisal/reframing and cognitive restructuring), persist (developing purpose in life, holding onto hope future might be better) | Cognitive Reappraisal | Age, sex, ethnicity, waist circumference | ↑ Shift + persist * ↓ SES→ ↓ Composite (β = .18, p = .044) in adolescents but not parents (p = .72) |
| Collier et al. (2016) | 47 textile handcrafters | Community Mage 53.5 years, SD 14.0 years |
Experimental acute stressor- After recalling an upsetting situation randomized to a) writing exercise (rumination), b) quiet ego contemplation (neutral), c) textile art making | IL-1β | Saliva | Rumination | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | None | ↑ IL-1B after negative mood induction only in rumination condition (p = .039) |
| Crosswell et al. (2022) | 182 | High risk community (92 high-stress caregivers of a child with autism, 91 controls without high stress who are caregivers of a neurotypical child) Mage 44.0 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Acceptance | Psychological Flexibility | Age, BMI | Null: Acceptance → CRP (β = .012, p = .806) Null: Acceptance → IL-6 (β = -.015, p = .552) Null: Acceptance * Parental stress → CRP (p > .05) Null: Acceptance * Parental stress → IL-6 (p > .05) |
| Dargél et al. (2017) b | 613 | Clinical- Bipolar disorder (type I, II, or Not Otherwise Specified) not in acute mood episode not in acute mood episode Mage 41.2 years, SD 12.4 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Emotional reactivity | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity | None | ↑ Emotion reactivity→ ↑ CRP (p < .001) |
| Dargél, et al. (2020) b | 1072 | Clinical- Bipolar disorder (type I, II, or Not Otherwise Specified) not in acute mood episode not in acute mood episode Mage 41.2 years, SD 12.4 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Emotional reactivity | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity | None | CRP higher in those with (M = 3.87, SD = 1.98) vs. without (M = 2.17, SD = 2.63) emotion hyper-reactivity (p < .001) |
| Denollet et al. (2003) | 42 males | Clinical-congestive heart failure Mage 57.9 years, SD 10.5 years |
Cross-sectional | TNF-α | Blood | "Type D personality" (negative affectivity and tendency to inhibit emotional expression in social situations) | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity Emotional Suppression |
None | ↑ Type D personality→ ↑TNF-α (d = .90, p = .003) |
| Gierlotka et al. (2015) | 65 | Clinical (33 PTSD, 32 control, all with mechanical injuries to extremities) PTSD Mage 37.7 years Control Mage 34.9 years |
Cross-sectional | IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, sIL-2, TNF-α | Blood | Perseverance, emotion reactivity | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement |
None | Null: All |
| Graham et al. (2009) | 84 | Community (married men and women) Mage 37.0 years, SD 13.1 years |
Longitudinal + experimental acute stressor—randomized to conflict or no-conflict | IL-6, TNF-α | Blood | Cognitive processing word use (underlying mechanism of emotion expression and disclosure) | Emotional Suppression | Gender, age, BMI, education, baseline inflammatory level, hostile interactions, positive interactions, marital quality, depression, hostility. | ↑ Cognitive word use during conflict → ↓ IL-6 24 hours later (β = -.26, p < .05) Null: Cognitive word use during conflict → TNF-a 24 hours later (β = -.18, p = .09) |
| Hladek et al. (2020) | 49 | Community Mage 50.9 years, SD 25.9 years |
Cross-sectional | IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α | Sweat patch | Coping self-efficacy (problem-solving, emotion regulation, social support) | Positive Coping/Social Support-Seeking | Age, sex, race, BMI, chronic diseases | ↓ Coping self-efficacy→ ↑ TNF-α (β = −.03, p = .028) ↓ Coping self-efficacy→ ↑ IL-10 (β = −.017, p = .007) Null: Coping self-efficacy→ ↑ IL-6 (β = −.22, p = .054) |
| Hoyt et al. (2013) | 41 men | Clinical- Prostate cancer Mage 66.6 years, SD 9.6 years |
Longitudinal | CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Emotion processing, emotion expression | Emotional Suppression | Age, ethnicity, BMI, # of months since completing primary cancer treatment | ↑ Emotional processing → ↓ IL-6 (β = -.66, .05 < p < .01) Null: Emotional processing → CRP (β = -.43, .05 < p < .10) Null: Emotional expression → IL-6 (β = .38, .05 < p < .10) Null: Emotional expression → CRP (β = .44, .05 < p < .10) |
| Järvelä-Reijonen et al. (2020) | 169 | Clinical (84 face-to-face treatment, 85 mobile treatment) Face-to-face Mage 51.0 years, SD 6.5 years Mobile Mage 48.8 years, SD 7.7 years |
Longitudinal | CRP, IL-1Ra, adiponectin | Blood | Psychological Flexibility (both general and weight-related) | Psychological Flexibility | Age, sex | Null: General acceptance → CRP (β = -.03, p = .772) Null: Weight-related acceptance → CRP (β = .16, p = .099) Null: General acceptance → IL-1Ra (β = .01, p = .888) Null: Weight-related acceptance → IL-1Ra (β = .00, p = .807) Null: General acceptance → adiponectin (β = .01, p = .946) Null: Weight-related acceptance → adiponectin (β = .02, p = .812) |
| Jones et al. (2022) | 279 | Community Mage 40.2 years, SD 6.2 years |
Longitudinal | CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Cognitive reappraisal, Expressive suppression | Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal |
Age, sex assigned at birth, racial/ethnic identity, time between assessments, inflammatory protein at baseline | ↑ Cognitive reappraisal→ ↓ IL-6 (β = -.155, p = .006) ↓ Cognitive reappraisal * ↑ Childhood trauma→ ↑ IL-6 (β = -.001, p = .012) ↓ Cognitive reappraisal * ↑ Childhood abuse→ ↑ IL-6 (β = -.001, p = .043) ↑ Expressive suppression * ↑ Childhood abuse→ ↑ IL-6 (β = .002, p = .011) ↑ Expressive suppression * ↑ Childhood abuse→ ↑ CRP (β = .001, p = .033) ↓ Cognitive reappraisal * ↑ Childhood neglect→ ↑ IL-6 (β = -.001, p = .009) ↓ Cognitive reappraisal * ↑ Childhood neglect→ ↑ CRP (β = -.002, p = .036) Null: Expressive suppression→ IL-6 (β = -.062, p = .294) Null: Expressive suppression * Childhood trauma → IL-6 (β = .001, p = .074) Null: Cognitive reappraisal→ CRP (β = -.056, p = .253) Null: Expressive suppression→ CRP (β = -.046, p = .362) Null: Cognitive reappraisal * Childhood trauma → CRP (β = -.005, p = .362) Null: Expressive suppression * Childhood trauma → CRP (β = .001, p = .117) Null: Cognitive reappraisal * Childhood abuse→ CRP (β = .001, p = .518) Null: Expressive suppression * Childhood neglect → CRP (β = .0003, p = .636) Null: Cognitive reappraisal * Childhood neglect→ IL-6 (β = -.0002, p = .472) |
| Jones et al. (2018) | 261 adolescents | Community Mage 14.6 years, SD 1.1 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression | Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal |
Age, sex, ethnicity, income, and BMI | Null: Chronic family stress * cognitive reappraisal→ CRP (β = -.079, p = .194) Null: Chronic family stress * suppression→ CRP (β = -.044, p = .472) Null: Chronic family stress * cognitive reappraisal→ IL-6 (β = .068, p = .256) Null: Chronic family stress * suppression→ IL-6 (β = -.005, p = .993) |
| Khan et al. (2020) | 606 | Clinical (trauma exposed veterans) Mage 58.0 years, SD 11.2 years |
Cross-sectional | Fibrinogen, CRP | Blood | Cognitive reappraisal, Expressive suppression | Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal |
Sex, age, race, education, income, creatinine, PTSD | ↑ Emotional suppression→ ↑ CRP (β = .11, p = .01) ↑ Emotional suppression→ ↑ Fibrinogen (β = 0.10, p = 0.02) Null: Cognitive reappraisal→ CRP (β = .03, p >.05) Null: Cognitive reappraisal → Fibrinogen (β = 0.01, p >.05) |
| Knight et al. (2022) | 162 | Community Mage 44.4 years, SD 11.2 years |
Cross-sectional, longitudinal | CRP + Cytokine composite (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α) | Blood | Rumination | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | Age, BMI | Null-No gender-stratified relationships between rumination and CRP, the inflammatory composite, or individual cytokines |
| Lopez, et al. (2020) | 99 recently bereaved spouses | Community Mage 68.6 years, SD 10.7 years |
Cross-sectional | IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α | Blood | Expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal | Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal |
Age, sex, BMI, education, income, sleep, depression, medication, smoking status, Clinical conditions, physical activity, time since spouse passed away | ↑ Expressive suppression → ↑ IFN-γ (corrected p = .015) ↑ Expressive suppression → ↑ TNF-α (corrected p = .015) Null: Expressive suppression → IL-2, IL6, IL-17A Null: Cognitive reappraisal with all proteins. |
| Low et al. (2013) | 245 adolescents | Community Mage 15.7 years, SD 1.3 years |
Longitudinal-Daily diary | CRP | Blood | Positive engagement coping, disengagement coping | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement Positive Coping/Social Support-Seeking |
Age, race, sex. BMI, smoking status, income | ↑ Positive engagement coping * ↑ negative life events→ ↓ CRP (β = -.14, p = .013) ↑ Positive engagement coping * ↑ conflict life events→ ↓ CRP (β = -.12, p = .039) ↑ Positive engagement coping * ↑ daily interpersonal conflict/tension→ ↓ CRP (β = -.13, p = .039) Null: Disengagement coping * negative life events→ CRP Null: Disengagement coping * conflict life events→ CRP Null: Disengagement coping * daily interpersonal conflict/tension→ CRP |
| Master et al. (2009) | 22 | Community Mage 20.1 years, SD 1.5 years |
Acute stressor | IL-6 | Saliva | Emotion approach coping | Emotional Suppression | Baseline IL-6 | Null: Emotion approach coping → baseline IL-6 Null: Emotion approach coping → 25-minutes post stressor IL-6 Null: Emotion approach coping → 55-minutes post stressor IL-6 |
| Miller et al. (2013) | 34 preschoolers | Community Mage 4.1 years, SD 0.6 years |
Cross-sectional | IL-6, TNF-α | Blood | Emotion regulation, negative liability | Emotion Regulation/Dysregulation Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity |
Age | ↑ Emotion regulation → ↑ TNF-α (p < .05) ↑ Negative lability → ↓ TNF-α (p < .05) Null: Emotion regulation → IL-6 Null: Negative lability → IL-6 |
| Mitchell & Christian (2019) | 67 | Clinical (pregnant) Mage 29.8 years, SD 5.3 years |
Longitudinal | IL-4, IL-6 | Blood | Perseverative thinking | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | Race, BMI, gestational age, Clinical conditions | ↓ Repetitive thinking * ↑ SES→ ↓ IL-6 (∆R2 = .07, p = .03) Null: Repetitive thinking * SES→ IL-4 (p = .35) |
| Moriarity et al. (2018) c | 140 adolescents | Community Mage 16.5 years, SD 1.2 years |
Longitudinal | CRP, IL-6 | Blood | Rumination | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | Age, BMI, timing of blood draw, SES, sex, race, time in study, baseline IL-6/CRP, baseline depression symptoms (when predicting depression) | ↑ Anxiety * ↑ Rumination→ ↑ IL-6 (p = .042) ↑ Anxiety * ↑ Rumination→ ↑ IL-6→ ↑ Depression (95% CI: .001-.004) Null: Anxiety * Rumination→ CRP (p = .745) Null: Anxiety * Rumination→ CRP→ Depression (95% CI: -.003-.002) |
| Moriarity et al. (2020a) | 109 | Community Mage 21.5 years, SD 2.1 years |
Longitudinal | Composite + individual proteins- CRP, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α | Blood | Rumination on positive and negative affect | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | Gender, race, age, BMI, birth control use, medication, time of day of blood draw | *only individual biomarkers (not the tested composite) are reported in this systematic review because no information was provided regarding the factor reliability/model fit of the inflammatory composite. Each of the interactions below was a follow-up of a significant interaction predicting the inflammatory composite ↑ Dampening of positive affect * ↓ reward responsiveness→ ↑ CRP (p = .022) ↑ Self-focused rumination on positive affect * ↑ reward responsiveness→ ↑ IL-8 (p = .013) Null: Dampening of positive affect * reward responsiveness→ IL-6 Null: Dampening of positive affect * reward responsiveness→ IL-8 Null: Dampening of positive affect * reward responsiveness→ TNF-α Null: Self-focused rumination on positive affect * reward responsiveness→ CRP Null: Self-focused rumination on positive affect * reward responsiveness→ IL-6 Null: Self-focused rumination on positive affect * reward responsiveness→ TNF-α |
| Moriarity et al. (2020b) c | 89 adolescents | Community Mage 18.3 years, SD 1.4 years |
Acute stressor | IL-6, IL-8 | Blood | Rumination, problem solving, distraction | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement Positive Coping/Social Support-Seeking |
Baseline protein levels, time, gender, income, race, age | ↑ Cognitive response ratio * ↑ Reward drive→ ↑ IL-6 (p = .002) Followed up with individual cognitive response styles ↑ Rumination * ↑ Reward drive→ ↑ IL-6 (p = .044) ↓ Problem solving * ↑ Reward drive→ ↑ IL-6 (p = .036) ↓ Distraction * ↑ Reward drive→ ↑ IL-6 (p = .008) Null: Cognitive response ratio * Reward drive→ IL-8 |
| Newton et al. (2017) | Study 1: 68 (45 rest group, 23 distraction group) Study 2: 68 (46 rest group, 22 distraction group) |
Community Study 1 Mage 20.8 years, SD 3.6 years Study 2 Mage 21.3 years, SD 3.8 years |
Experimental acute stressor- Study 1: Social stressor—randomized to rest or distraction Study 2: Angry autobiographical memory recall—randomized to rest or distraction Rest group: sitting quietly for 40 minutes to create opportunity for rumination Distraction group: 29 emotionally neutral puzzles Note: Amount of participants who actively ruminated during the rest condition was low in both studies (15 and 8, respectively) |
IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | Saliva | Rumination, negative emotion reactivity | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement |
None |
Study 1: ↑ Rumination→ ↑ IL-6 (β = .22, p ≤ .035) ↑ Negative emotion post-stressor→ ↑ IL-6 (β = .309, p = .012) ↑ Negative emotion post-stressor→ ↑ IL-1β (β = .288, p = .026) ↑ Negative emotion post-stressor → ↑ TNF-α (β = .255, p = .044) Null: Rumination → IL-1B (β = .011, p > .05) Null: Rumination → TNF-α (β = .064, p > .05). Study 2: Rest condition * ↑ Time→ ↑ IL-1B (p = .027) relative to distraction condition Null: Group * Time→ IL-6 (p = .434) Null: Group * Time→ TNF-α (p = .074) Null: Rumination → IL-6 (β = -.079, p > .05). Null: Rumination → IL-1B (β =-.014, p > .05) Null: Rumination → TNF-α (β =-.03, p > .05). Null: Negative emotion post-stressor→ IL-6 (p > .18) Null: Negative emotion post-stressor→ IL-1β (p > .18) Null: Negative emotion post-stressor → TNF-α (p > .18) |
| Powers et al. (2016) | 40 African American women | Clinical- Diabetes Mage 52.0 years, SD 7.6 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Emotion dysregulation | Emotion Regulation/Dysregulation | PTSD, depression, trauma, BMI | ↑ Emotion dysregulation→ ↑ CRP (β = .58, p < .001) |
| Prossin et al. (2011) | 28 females | Clinical (14 MDD, 14 controls) No age reported |
Acute stressor | IL-18 | Blood | Negative affective reactivity to sadness induction | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity | None | ↑ Negative affect post sadness induction → ↑ IL-18 (rs = .60, p=.03) for controls but not MDD |
| Segerstrom et al. (2017) | 120 | Community Mage 74.2 years, SD 5.6 years |
Longitudinal | IL-6 | Blood | Repetitive thought (worry, rumination, self-reproach, reflection, emotion processing) | Cognitive Reappraisal Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement |
BMI, age, medication | ↑ Repetitive thought → ↓ IL-6 (p = .001) ↑ Repetitive thought * ↓ verbal IQ → ↓ IL-6 (p = .009) Quadratic effect of repetitive thought → IL-6 (p = .002), negative relationship between repetitive thought and IL-6 steepest at low levels of repetitive thought Null: Quadratic effect of repetitive thought * verbal IQ → IL-6 |
| Shimanoe et al. (2014) d | 7,873 | Community Men Mage 55.6 years, SD 8.3 years Women Mage 54.3 years, SD 8.2 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP | Blood | Emotion expression, emotion support seeking, positive reappraisal, problem solving, disengagement | Positive Coping/Social Support-Seeking Emotional Suppression Cognitive Reappraisal Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement |
Age, BMI, body fat, alcohol consumption, smoking, physical activity level, sleeping, occupation, working hours, years of schooling, perceived stress, social support | ↑ Disengagement → ↓ CRP in men but not women (partial η2 = 0.002, p = .027 and partial η2 < 0.001, p = .82, respectfully) ↑ Emotional support seeking→ ↓ CRP at high levels of stress in men only (pinteraction = .021; ptrend = .028). Null: Other emotional regulation strategies → CRP (analyses ran separately for men and women) Null: Other emotional regulation strategies * perceived stress → CRP (analyses ran separately for men and women) |
| Shimanoe et al. (2018) d | 7,256 | Community Women Mage 55.0 years, SD 8.1 years Men Mage 56.0 years, SD 8.0 years |
Longitudinal | CRP | Blood | Emotion expression, emotion support seeking, positive reappraisal, problem solving, disengagement | Emotional Suppression | Age, BMI, employment, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, sleep, medication, menopause status, HRT, social support, perceived stress | ↑ Positive reappraisal * ↑ perceived stress →↓ CRP in men (p = .007) ↑ Emotional expression → ↓ CRP in women (p = .024) Null: Other emotional regulation strategies → CRP (analyses ran separately for men and women) Null: Other emotional regulation strategies * perceived stress → CRP (analyses ran separately for men and women) |
| van Middendorp et al. (2005) | 60 | Clinical- Rheumatoid Arthritis Mage 59.0 years, SD 11.2 years |
Cross-sectional | IL-6 | Blood | Ambiguity, control, orientation, and expression | Negative Affectivity/Emotional Reactivity Emotional Suppression |
None | Null: Emotional regulation subscales →IL-6 were null after Bonferroni corrections (uncorrected results not described) |
| Woody et al. (2016) e | 34 women | Community Mage 20.7 years, SD 2.3 years |
Experimental acute stressor- randomized to 5 minutes of rumination or distraction | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | Blood | Reflection | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | Trait rumination, openness to experience, neuroticism, SES, BMI, condition | ↑ Reflection→ ↓ IL-6 (β = -.70, p = .007) Null: Reflection→CRP (β = .22, p = .407) Null: Reflection→ TNF-α (β = -.05, p = .869) |
| Yang et al. (2020) | 162 | Clinical (105 ADHD, 57 control) ADHD Median Age = 36.0 years (25th-75th% = 29.0–43.0 years) Control Median Age = 38 years 25th-75th% = 34–43 years |
Cross-sectional | CRP, SAA, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 | Blood | Emotion regulation | Emotion Regulation/Dysregulation | Age, sex, BMI, ADHD medication, anti-inflammatory drugs, melatonin | ↑ Total emotion regulation difficulty → ↑ CRP (adjustedR2 = 0.25, p = 0.025) ↓ Effective emotion regulation strategies difficulty → ↑ CRP (adjustedR2 = 0.27, p = 0.006) Null: Total emotion regulation difficulty→ SAA Null: Total emotion regulation difficulty→ sICAM-1 Null: Total emotion regulation difficulty→ sVCAM-1 |
| Ysseldyk et al. (2018) | 54 women | Community Mage 21.2 years, SD 6.0 years |
Cross-sectional | IL-10, TNF-α | Blood | Rumination | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | None | Null: Depressive rumination→ TNF-α (r = .24, p < .10) Null: Brooding rumination→ TNF-α (r = -.13, p > .05) Null: Reflective rumination→ TNF-α (r = .01, p > .05) Null: Depressive rumination→IL-10 (r = -.08, p > .05) Null: Brooding rumination→IL-10 (r = -.07, p > .05) Null: Reflective rumination→IL-10 (r = .10, p > .05) |
| Zoccola et al. (2014) e | 34 females | Community No age reported |
Experimental acute stressor—randomized to rumination or distraction after stressor | CRP, IL-6, TNF-α | Blood | Distraction, rumination | Perseverance vs. Distraction/Disengagement | BMI and baseline inflammatory protein values | Rumination group had linear increases in CRP (f2 = .22, p < .001). Linear trajectory of CRP differed between rumination and distraction groups (f2 = .18, p = .01). Distraction group had linear increases in CRP up to 43 minutes post stressor, after which they returned to baseline levels (f2 = .14, p = .03). Null: Group → IL-6 Null: Group → TNF-a |
Notes: Mage mean age, SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index, CRP = C-reactive protein, HRT = hormone replacement therapy, CRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL = interleukin, IFN-γ = Interferon-gamma, IL-1Ra = interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, MDD = Major depressive disorder, PTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder, SAA = Serum amyloid A, SES = socioeconomic status, sIL = soluble interleukin, sICAM-1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, sVCAM-1 = soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, TNF-α = Tumor necrosis factor alpha, WISC = Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children