Abstract
The molluscan feeding structure is the radula, a chitinous membrane with teeth, which are highly adapted to the food and the substrate to which the food is attached. In Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, the handling of hard ingesta can be facilitated by high content of chemical compounds containing Fe or Si in the tooth cusps. Other taxa, however, possess teeth that are less mineralized, even though animals have to avoid structural failure or high wear during feeding as well. Here, we investigated the gastropod Gastropteron rubrum, feeding on hard Foraminifera, diatoms and Porifera. Tooth morphologies and wear were documented by scanning electron microscopy and their mechanical properties were tested by nanoindentation. We determined that gradients of hard‐ and stiffness run along each tooth, decreasing from cusp to basis. We also found that inner lateral teeth were harder and stiffer than the outer ones. These findings allowed us to propose hypotheses about the radula‐ingesta interaction. In search for the origins of the gradients, teeth were visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy, to determine the degree of tanning, and analyzed with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, to test the elemental composition. We found that the mechanical gradients did not have their origins in the elemental content, as the teeth did not contain high proportions of metals or other minerals. This indicates that their origin might be the degree of tanning. However, in the tooth surfaces that interact with the ingesta high Si and Ca contents were determined, which is likely an adaptation to reduce wear.
Keywords: biomineralization, elemental composition, feeding, mechanical properties, Mollusca
Mollusks possess highly adapted radular teeth that allows them to forage on their preferred food. We here investigated the teeth of a colorful sea slug that feeds on hard Foraminifera and Porifera. Teeth contained high content of silica to reduce abrasion. Mechanical property tests revealed that this radula seems to function as a clamp, which can adjust to all kinds of irregular objects.
1. INTRODUCTION
The radula is one important molluscan apomorphy and consists of a chitinous membrane with rows of embedded teeth. Radulae can show adaptations to the preferred ingesta (i.e., food, particles on the food, substrate that the food is attached to) in morphology and the arrangement of teeth on the membrane (e.g., Hawkins et al., 1989; Krings, Karabacak, & Gorb, 2021; Krings, Kovalev, & Gorb, 2021b, 2021c; Padilla, 2003; Solem, 1972, 1974; Steneck & Watling, 1982; Ukmar‐Godec et al., 2015).
Even though the radula is constantly renewed by secretion in the posterior radular region (the “radular sac”) by over‐ and underlain epithelia (Mackenstedt & Märkel, 1987; Runham, 1963; Runham & Isarankura, 1966; Vortsepneva et al., 2022), the radular material properties are adapted to reduce wear and/or structural failure, induced by the specific ingesta source, as well. Structural failure can be reduced by the presence of mechanical property gradients (i.e., of the Young's modulus) along each tooth. In polyplacophorans, limpets, or some gastropod taxa (e.g., some members of the Paludomidae and Nudibranchia), the radula needs to transfer high forces to solid surfaces (e.g., rocks) by scratching action (e.g., Herrera et al., 2015; Krings et al., 2022a, 2022d; Lu & Barber, 2012; van der Wal et al., 1999; Weaver et al., 2010) or to hard structures of the prey (e.g., sponge spiculae) by piercing action (Krings et al., 2023). Here, each tooth shows pronounced gradients with the cusp as the hardest and stiffest region, followed by the stylus and finally the basis, as the softest and most flexible region (Gorb & Krings, 2021; Herrera et al., 2015; Krings et al., 2019, 2022c, 2022d, 2023; Lu & Barber, 2012; Pohl et al., 2020; van der Wal et al., 1999; Weaver et al., 2010). This allows teeth to bend and to either gain support from the next row of teeth, which redistributes the stress, or to deform and adjust to the prey item to avoid structural damage. These mechanical property gradients have their origin in the degree of tanning, the content of inorganics, the regional water content, or the chitin fiber arrangement (e.g., Brooker & Shaw, 2012; Faivre & Ukmar‐Godec, 2015; Joester & Brooker, 2016; Krings et al., 2022d; Krings, Kovalev, & Gorb, 2021b).
With regard to abrasion resistance, some taxa, like Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda, incorporate high proportions of iron and silicon into their very thick tooth leading edge (i.e., the surface of the tooth that interacts directly with the ingesta) resulting in hard tooth cusps as adaptation to feeding from algae growing on stones (e.g., Barber et al., 2015; Han et al., 2011; Krings et al., 2022c; Lu & Barber, 2012; Saunders et al., 2011; Shaw et al., 2009a, 2009b, 2010; van der Wal et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2014; Wealthall et al., 2005; Weaver et al., 2010). High inorganic contents such as Ca or Si were also found on the leading edges (“leading surfaces”) of other gastropod taxa (e.g., some Paludomidae foraging on algae from rocks and Nudibranchia foraging on Porifera) as well. However, the coating was very thin in comparison to the leading edge of Polyplacophora, suggesting that these teeth resemble highly functional lightweight structures (Krings et al., 2022a, 2023). Also, teeth that come in contact with abrasive particles, like sand, were found to contain a thin layer with high content of Ca on all tooth surfaces, presumably to prevent high wear (Krings & Gorb, 2023a). However, for most gastropod taxa there are huge gaps in knowledge.
In this context, we here aim at unraveling the functional principles that reflect adaptation to this hard and abrasive ingesta source in the radular teeth of the gastropod Gastropteron rubrum (Rafinesque, 1814; Heterobranchia, Euopisthobranchia), which forages on Foraminifera (DeLaHoz et al., 2018). This species belongs to the Cephalaspidea, which are known for their predation on Foraminifera (Berry & Thomson, 1990; Cedhagen, 1996; Chester, 1993; Eilertsen & Malaquias, 2013; Hurst, 1965; Malaquias et al., 2004; Rudman, 1972a, 1972b; Shonman & Nybakken, 1978; Thompson, 1976, 1988). This is the first tooth analysis of a gastropod that mainly preys on this kind of food. First, the stomach content of the sea slug was documented to gain insight into the food composition in detail. Then, the teeth were carefully documented unraveling the wear at the tooth cusps. The mechanical properties of the teeth were tested to get insights into the mechanical adaptations of the radular apparatus. In the search for the origins of the mechanical properties in the teeth, we also investigated the material composition.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Specimens and preparation
Individuals of Gastropteron rubrum were collected by Yvonne Grzymbowski at Els Capets, Costa Brava, Spain, in November 2004, and fixed in 96% EtOH. Eight adult specimens were dissected for this study.
2.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D visualization
For documentation of morphology using SEM, three radulae were carefully extracted and cleaned by a short ultrasonic bath in 70% EtOH. Subsequently they were mounted on SEM specimen holders by double‐sided adhesive carbon tape and sputter‐coated with platinum (5 nm layer). For visualization, we used a SEM Zeiss LEO 1525 (One Zeiss Drive). Only mature teeth from the working zone, which can be identified by lack of covering epithelia, were studied. To document the wear on the teeth, radulae were rewetted by 70% EtOH afterwards, cleaned by a short ultrasonic bath, rearranged on SEM sample holders and visualized again in the SEM. Nomenclature of teeth was adapted from Ong et al. (2017).
For the 3D visualization, mature radular teeth of the working zone of two radulae were extracted manually with forceps. Each tooth was mounted on SEM specimen holders by double‐sided adhesive carbon tape, sputter‐coated with platinum (5 nm layer), and visualized under the SEM from all sides. Using the 3D software Blender v2.83 (Blender Foundation), the teeth were then modeled by hand constantly comparing the 3D visualization with the SEM images taken from different sides (see also protocol in Krings, Marcé‐Nogué, et al., 2020; Krings, Marcé‐Nogué, & Gorb, 2021). In the same manner, the position and embedment of the teeth within the membrane were reconstructed.
2.3. Ingesta analyses
For ingesta analyses, the intestines of four specimens were opened and the particles carefully extracted by tweezers. We differentiated between ingesta in the proximal and the distal part of the intestine.
2.4. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)
To document the autofluorescence of the tooth material, two cleaned radulae and some individual mature teeth were arranged on object glass slides, following the procedure of Michels and Gorb (2012). Each radula was surrounded by a stack of reinforcement rings. The rings were filled with glycerin (greater than or equal to 99.5%, free of water, Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG) and subsequently covered by a glass cover slip. Following the protocol of Krings et al. (2022d, 2023), samples were visualized employing a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH). Four stable solid‐state lasers with wavelengths of 405, 488, 555, and 639 nm were used. Bandpass or longpass emission filters (420–480 nm, greater than or equal to 490 nm, greater than or equal to 560 nm, or greater than or equal to 640 nm) were applied. After scanning, images of autofluorescence were superimposed (with maximum intensity projection) using the software Zeiss Efficient Navigation (Zen; Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH). Finally, the color blue was assigned to the autofluorescence signal received from the laser with wavelength 405 nm, green to 488 nm, red (50% saturation) to 555 nm and red (50% saturation) to 639 nm.
2.5. Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX)
For analysis of the elemental composition, three cleaned radulae (ultrasonic bath for 20 s) were attached to glass object slides by double‐sided adhesive tape, following our previous protocol (Krings et al., 2022a, 2022c, 2023). Then, each radula was surrounded by a small metallic ring. Afterwards the ring was filled with epoxy resin (Reckli Epoxy WST, RECKLI GmbH) to cover the radula completely. After polymerization, lasting for 3 days at room temperature, glass object slides, and adhesive tape were removed. Samples were polished with sandpapers of different roughness, until the cross‐sections of teeth were on display, and smoothened with aluminum oxide polishing powder suspension of 0.3 μm grainsize (PRESI GmbH) on a polishing machine (Minitech 233/333, PRESI GmbH) to receive a plain smooth surface. The embedding and smoothening prevent artifacts such as electron scattering during EDX analysis. Embedded samples were subsequently cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min, then mounted on SEM sample holders and sputter‐coated with platinum (5 nm layer). Elemental composition was determined with the SEM Zeiss LEO 1525 equipped with an octane silicon drift detector (SDD; micro analyses system TEAM, EDAX Inc.). For each sample, the same settings were used (i.e., an acceleration voltage of 20 kV, working distance, lens opening, etc.). Before analysis, the detector was calibrated with copper.
Small areas (no mapping) were analyzed to receive the data. Following elements were detected and their proportions measured: H (hydrogen), C (carbon), N (nitrogen), O (oxygen), Pt (platinum), Al (aluminum), Ca (calcium), Cl (chlorine), Cu (copper), Fe (iron), K (potassium), Mg (magnesium), Na (sodium), P (phosphorus), S (sulfur), Si (silicon), and Zn (zinc). Some elements were not discussed as they are either the elemental basis of chitin and proteins (H, C, N, O), the coating (Pt), or the polishing powder (Al, O). For test purposes, we also performed 10 EDX tests on the epoxy to identify putative pollution due to the mechanical application, embedding or polishing. We could not detect Si (which is part of the sandpaper), or any other elements, that we further discuss as Ae (Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, Zn), in the resin. Their presence is therefore considered part of the teeth.
The single peak of P overlaps with one of Pt. Due of this, the software could not discriminate between these two elements and P content could not be reliably determined. Therefore, P and Pt are discussed together (P + Pt). We, however, measured 20 areas of pure epoxy to receive values on their Pt content (mean ± SD; 0.15 ± 0.02 atomic %) to further estimate the proportions of P in the teeth.
We tested the inner tooth structure by EDX and the thin outer layer (“surface”) of the teeth (500–1000 nm thickness), which covers the inner tooth structure. We did not detect high content of elements in the inner structure and no differences in the distribution there. We thus decided to summarize the point measurements of the inner structure. With regard to the surfaces, we could determine variations in the distribution of elements and thus differentiated between the tooth basis, the bulges, the basal region of the stylus (stylus, basis), the terminal region of the stylus (stylus, terminal), the cusps and the sides (see Figures 1 and 2 for nomenclature). 474 point measurements on 180 mature teeth were conducted: 204 on 70 inner laterals (of which 70 on the inner tooth structure and 134 on the surface); 56 (22 on the inner tooth structure and 34 on the surface) on 22 outer laterals A, B, C; 54 (22 on the inner tooth structure and 32 on the surface) on 22 outer laterals D; 48 (22 on the inner tooth structure and 26 on the surface) on 22 outer laterals E.
FIGURE 1.
(a) Radula, overview with anatomical directions. (b–g) Magnifications, displaying cracks and wear (highlighted by arrows), probably resulting from interaction with hard ingesta particles (stones, spicules, sand, Foraminifera tests). a, anterior (towards the degenerative zone); CU, cusp; DE, denticle; GR, groove; IL, inner lateral; l, lateral; m, medial; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; p, posterior (towards the building zone). Scale bars: (a) 200 μm; (b) 80 μm; (c–f) 20 μm; (g) 8 μm.
FIGURE 2.
3D model of the radula to introduce the nomenclature of tooth regions and the sites that were tested. (a) Radula from above. (b) Radula from the side. (c) The individual teeth from above. (d) From below. (e) Teeth from medial view, the red line indicates a cross section, from where point‐measurements were taken via EDX. (f) Schematic outline of a characteristic polished section area of a tooth. When this area was on display, the inner structure and the surfaces could be tested with point‐measurements via EDX. The surface was separated into different regions (surface of e.g., the bulge, the stylus, the sides). a, anterior (towards the degenerative zone); BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; DE, denticle; IL, inner lateral; IS, inner structure; l, lateral; m, medial; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; p, posterior (towards the building zone); SB, basis of stylus; SI, side; ST, terminal stylus; SU, surface.
2.6. Nanoindentation
To test the mechanical properties, nanoindentation experiments were performed on three additional radulae (for detailed protocol see Gorb & Krings, 2021; Krings et al., 2022c, 2022d, 2023). Radulae were arranged on glass object slides and surrounded by a small metallic ring. Afterwards, each ring was filled with epoxy resin, which covered the radula completely. After polymerization, samples were polished with sandpapers until tooth sections were on display (see Figure A1), and smoothened with aluminum oxide polishing powder suspension on a polishing machine. Samples were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 5 min. A nanoindenter SA2 (MTS Nano Instruments) equipped with a Berkovich indenter tip and a dynamic contact module head was employed. Hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) were determined from force‐distance curves by applying the continuous stiffness mode. All tests were performed under normal room conditions (relative humidity 28%–30%, temperature 22–24°C) and each indent and corresponding curve were both manually controlled. After this, samples were smoothened and polished until the next target localities were on display.
Overall, the inner structure of each tooth was tested at five localities to receive data on mechanical property gradients within each tooth. E and H were determined at penetration depths of 500–1000 nm. For each site indented, we received ~60 values obtained at different indentation depths, which were averaged to receive one H and one E mean value per indent. 413 localities were overall tested: 118 on the inner lateral, 59 on the outer lateral A, outer lateral B, outer lateral C, outer lateral D, and outer lateral E, respectively.
2.7. Statistical analyses
All statistical analyses were performed with JMP Pro, Version 14 (SAS Institute Inc., 1989–2007). Mean values and standard deviations were calculated and Shapiro–Wilk‐W‐tests for testing of normality were conducted. As the data was non‐normally distributed, a Kruskal–Wallis/Wilcoxon test, followed by pairwise comparison with Wilcoxon method, was carried out.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Morphology and wear of teeth
Individuals of Gastropteron rubrum possessed one prominent inner lateral tooth, followed by five outer laterals to each side of the radula, per row (see Figures 1a and 2a–f). The size of these outer laterals decreased towards the margin of the radula. A central tooth was missing and the prominent inner laterals were separated by a groove. Each inner lateral contained about 10 small denticles on the medial side and a bulge on the lateral side. Each outer lateral possessed one large cusp (tip).
Using SEM, we investigated the wear of each tooth type. On the inner laterals, spalling (Figure 1d,e,g) and scratches (Figure 1c) on the cusps and the denticles were found (see Figure 1a–e); in some cases, structural loss was rather high on these regions (Figure 1g). In contrast, we did not find scratches or spalling on the outer laterals (Figure 1f); the degree of wear decreased towards the outer laterals.
3.2. Ingesta analyses
Analyses of the intestine revealed, that G. rubrum took in sand particles, Foraminifera and diatoms (Figure 3d–g). However, spicules of the tylostyle type were also found, which shows that Heteroscleromorpha sponges, like Axinellida, Biemnida, Merliida, Polymastiida, Clionaida, Tethyida, and Suberitida were eaten (see Morrow & Cárdenas, 2015; Figure 3a–c). The prey structures extracted from the distal region of the intestine (see Figure 3g) were more brittle and fractured than those from the proximal region of the intestine (compare with Figure 3d).
FIGURE 3.
Intestine content. (a–c) Spiculae, including the tylostyle type from Heteroscleromorpha (Porifera). (d) Foraminifera tests, extracted from the proximal region of the intestine. (e) Intestine content with tests of Foraminifera and stones. (f) Cracked Foraminifera tests. (g) Foraminifera tests from the distal region of the intestine. (h) Diatom. Scale bars: (a) 400 μm; (b, d) 80 μm; (c, g) 200 μm; (e) 400 μm; (f) 20 μm; (h) 40 μm.
3.3. Autofluorescence signals
All cusps and denticles from the inner lateral teeth emitted a strong green autofluorescence signal on their anterior and posterior surfaces (i.e., they emitted a strong signal after excitation with the 488 nm laser). The cusps' lateral surfaces, the tooth styli and bases appeared rather red‐ to yellow‐brown (i.e., emitted a strong signal after excitation with the lasers of 555 and 639 nm wavelength) (see Figure 4). The bulges and bases of the teeth exhibited a strong blue signal (i.e., emitted a strong signal after excitation with the 405 nm laser).
FIGURE 4.
CLSM images of Gastropteron rubrum radula. (a) Mature inner lateral teeth. (b) Whole radula. (c) One side of the radular working zone. a, anterior (towards the degenerative zone); BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; DE, denticle; IL, inner lateral; l, lateral; m, medial; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; p, posterior (towards the building zone); SB, basis of stylus; SI, side; ST, terminal stylus.
3.4. Elemental analysis by EDX
EDX can determine the elements present, but not the bonding conditions. We detected Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, and Zn in the teeth (see Figure 5). The content of each individual element, except Fe, showed highly significant differences between the inner structure and the surface (results from Wilcoxon‐test: p < .0001*, for p‐values see Table A1).
FIGURE 5.
Results from the EDX analysis. Content of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, Zn, and Ae (sum of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, and Zn) for the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface (all tooth types and regions are pooled together).
In the inner tooth structure, the following proportions were found (sorted from high to low mean content): P + Pt (mean ± standard deviation: 0.56 ± 0.26 atomic %), Fe (0.53 ± 0.35), Ca (0.47 ± 0.23), S (0.34 ± 0.12), Mg (0.26 ± 0.09), Zn (0.06 ± 0.03), Cu (0.05 ± 0.04), Si (0.04 ± 0.13), Cl (0.03 ± 0.03), and K (0.03 ± 0.02). All lateral teeth showed a rather small proportion of these elements in the inner tooth structure, compared to the surface (see below; see Table A2 for elemental content in the inner structure of the different teeth; see Figure 6). Between the tooth types, we could not detect significant differences by pairwise comparison for the individual elemental contents (see Table A3 for p‐values).
FIGURE 6.
Results from the EDX analysis. Contents of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, Zn, and Ae (sum of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, and Zn) for the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface regions (tooth types are pooled together). BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; IL, inner lateral; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; SB, basis of stylus; SI, side; ST, terminal stylus.
In the surface, the following proportions were detected (sorted from high to low mean content): Si (mean ± standard deviation: 5.79 ± 6.40 atomic %), Ca (2.28 ± 2.28), P + Pt (0.85 ± 0.60), S (0.67 ± 0.30), Fe (0.60 ± 0.72), Mg (0.34 ± 0.20), Cu (0.14 ± 0.11), Zn (0.12 ± 0.08), Cl (0.08 ± 0.08), and K (0.05 ± 0.03). In each tooth, especially Si and Ca were present in larger proportions in comparison to the other elements (see Table A2 for elemental content of the surfaces).
When the results from the tooth surfaces were sorted according to the tooth region (see Figure 2 for nomenclature and six for results), we found that the cusps contained highest contents of all elements (Ae), followed by the styli (terminal), the styli (bases), the sides, the tooth bases, and finally the bulges with the lowest content of Ae (see Table A4). This gradient in Ae was primarily caused by the content and distribution of Si (at cusps, mean ± standard deviation: 16.24 ± 2.76 atomic %; at bulges: 0.27 ± 0.14) and Ca (at cusps: 5.56 ± 2.01; at bulges: 0.05 ± 0.05). But Fe, which was present in lower proportions, probably also contributes to the gradient (at cusps: 1.26 ± 0.75; at bulges: 0.09 ± 0.07; see Table A4 for elemental content). The decreases of Si, Ca and Fe from tips to bases were found in each tooth type (see Table A5 for elemental contents of the different teeth and their regions). When comparing the various regions of each tooth, differences were highly significant (see Table A6 for p‐values). For the distribution of Cl, Cu, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, and Zn, no clear gradient could be detected, even though most regions differed highly significantly as determined by pairwise comparison (see Table A6 for p‐values). These elements were present in rather small proportions in each tooth (mean is <1 atomic %; see Tables A2 and A4). When comparing the different tooth types, we could not determine clear differences between them (see Figure A2). In most cases, we detected highly significant differences between the individual regions of the surface for Si, Ca, and Fe, when comparing the different teeth by pairwise comparison (see Table A3 for p‐values).
3.5. Mechanical properties
The hardness (H) describes the resistance to local plastic deformation induced by abrasion or indentation. The Young's modulus (E) is the measure of the stiffness of a solid material and describes the relationship between tensile stress and axial strain.
In every tooth, the cusp (E mean values range between 10.27 and 15.95 GPa; H mean values range between 0.58 and 0.85 GPa) was always the stiffest and hardest region, followed by the terminal stylus (E = 8.51–14.18 GPa; H = 0.47–0.77 GPa), the basis of the stylus (E = 7.58–12.09 GPa; H = 0.41–0.64 GPa), the basis (E = 2.64–4.23 GPa; H = 0.14–0.23 GPa), and finally the bulge as the softest and most flexible region (E = 1.75–1.84 GPa; H = 0.09–0.10 GPa). The parts of the inner laterals were harder and stiffer, followed by the outer laterals A, B, C, D, and finally E with the softest and most flexible parts (see Figure 7 and Table A7 for all values).
FIGURE 7.
Results from the nanoindentation experiments. Young's modulus and hardness (both given in GPa) for the different teeth and their regions. BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; SB, basis of stylus; ST, terminal stylus. BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; IL, inner lateral; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; SB, basis of stylus; SI, side; ST, terminal stylus.
Pairwise comparison by Wilcoxon method revealed, that the regions within each tooth showed highly significant differences (p < 0.0001*; see Table A8 for all p‐values). Most regions were also highly significantly different, when they were compared between the teeth (mostly p < 0.0001*; see Table A8 for all p‐values).
Despite the differences of E and H values along the various regions of each tooth and between teeth, the two values always exhibited a very high positive correlation (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001*).
3.6. Relationship between autofluorescence, elemental composition, and mechanical properties
The regions of the teeth appearing green under CLSM (i.e., emitted a strong signal after excitation with the 488 nm laser) contained high proportions of Si and Ca. The sides of the stylus and the bases appeared red‐ to yellow‐brown (i.e., emitted a strong signal after excitation with the lasers of 555 and 639 nm wavelength); here no high contents of Ca and Si were detected. The bulges appeared blue (i.e., emitted a strong signal after excitation with the lasers of 405 nm wavelength); these regions contained no high content of the targeted elements and were the softest and most flexible tooth parts. We could not determine relationships between the elemental content of the inner tooth structure and the mechanical property values.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Mechanical behavior and foraging
The mechanical properties of materials directly contribute to the mechanical behavior of structures. The Young's modulus (E) relates to the ability of a structure to transmit force (Bendsøe, 1989, 1995; Bendsøe & Kikuchi, 1988; Dumont et al., 2009), its resistance to failure as well as the structures' mechanical behavior while puncturing (e.g., Freeman & Lemen, 2007; for review on puncture mechanics see Anderson, 2018). The hardness (H) is the measure of the resistance to local plastic deformation induced by indentation or abrasion.
Some gastropod species (i.e., paludomid taxa) feeding on soft ingesta (i.e., algae growing on soft substrates like sand or mud) possess soft and more flexibles teeth (E ≤ 8 GPa, H ≤ 1 GPa) without clear and pronounced gradients in mechanical properties from the tooth basis across the stylus to the cusp (Gorb & Krings, 2021). These teeth are probably not capable of transferring high forces without structural failure, but possess an increased ability to deform, bend, and twist, which reduces the risk of breaking (Krings, Kovalev, & Gorb, 2021b, 2021c). Since all teeth within one row have similar mechanical properties, they probably also have a similar function (“monofunctional radula”; see Gorb & Krings, 2021; Krings, 2020).
Species foraging on the solid ingesta (members of Paludomidae foraging on algae covering rocks, Patellogastropoda, Fissurellidae, Polyplacophora) or have some interactions with hard ingesta (the nudibranch gastropods Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus feeding on Porifera with hard spiculae) possess harder and stiffer teeth reducing wear and structural failure. Each tooth shows pronounced gradients in both H and E: the cusp (especially the leading edge) is the hardest and stiffest part, followed by the stylus, and finally the basis as the softest and most flexible part (Barber et al., 2015; Gorb & Krings, 2021; Grunenfelder et al., 2014; Krings et al., 2019, 2022c, 2022d, 2023; Lu & Barber, 2012; Ukmar‐Godec et al., 2017; Weaver et al., 2010). In the above mentioned taxa, the tooth cusps puncture the ingesta or scratch across solid surfaces, with the possible formation of local stress at the cusps, but without high degrees of wear or structural failure. The softer and more flexible stylus, together with the basis, provides flexibility and act as shock absorber against mechanical impacts (Gorb & Krings, 2021; Herrera et al., 2015; Krings et al., 2019, 2022c, 2022d, 2023; Pohl et al., 2020).
The dominant teeth of the Polyplacophora and Patella vulgata (Patellogastropoda) are characterized by a very high inorganic content and high E and H values (see Table 1; Barber et al., 2015; Grunenfelder et al., 2014; Krings et al., 2022c; Lu & Barber, 2012; Weaver et al., 2010). Less mineralized teeth are softer and more flexible: in the vetigastropod Megathura crenulata (Fissurellidae), E values of 16 GPa were determined (see Table 1; Ukmar‐Godec et al., 2017). In the two investigated nudibranch species, where the inner structure of teeth also contained low inorganic content, E max values of 15 GPa and H max values of 0.9 GPa were found (see Table 1; Krings et al., 2023). Their thin leading surfaces were however significantly harder (H max = 2.3 GPa) and stiffer (E max = 45 GPa) than the inner structure, due to high proportions of Si or Ca. The unmineralized teeth of paludomid gastropods foraging from solid surfaces were even softer and more flexible in comparison to the inner structure of the nudibranch taxa (H = ~0.4 GPa and E = ~8 GPa; see Table 1; Gorb & Krings, 2021). However, here the neighboring teeth could interlock when loaded, leading to stress redistribution when in contact with the ingesta. This mechanical behavior of radula teeth is prospered by the arrangement and geometry of teeth, the water‐content and the material properties, which enables the bending capacity (Herrera et al., 2015; Hickman, 1980, 1984; Krings, Brütt, et al., 2020; Krings & Gorb, 2021; Krings, Karabacak, & Gorb, 2021; Krings, Kovalev, & Gorb, 2021b, 2021c; Krings, Marcé‐Nogué, et al., 2020; Krings, Marcé‐Nogué, & Gorb, 2021; Montroni et al., 2019; Morris & Hickman, 1981; Padilla, 2003; Solem, 1972; Ukmar‐Godec et al., 2015).
TABLE 1.
Results from previous mechanical property studies in comparison to the results from Gastropteron rubrum.
| Taxon | Young's modulus | Hardness | Origin of mechanical properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyplacophora | 30–130 GPa | 4–12 GPa | High inorganic content | Weaver et al. (2010), Grunenfelder et al. (2014), Krings et al. (2022c) |
| Patella vulgata | 52–150 GPa | 3–7 GPa | High inorganic content | Lu and Barber (2012), Barber et al. (2015) |
| Megathura crenulata | 16 GPa | – | Cross‐linking | Ukmar‐Godec et al. (2017) |
| Nudibranchia (Felimare picta, Doris pseudoargus) | 15 GPa (inner structure), 45 GPa (leading edge) | 0.9 GPa (inner structure), 2.3 GPa (leading edge) | Probably cross‐linking (inner structure), high inorganic content (leading edges) | Krings et al. (2023) |
| Paludomid gastropods | 4.1–9.2 GPa | 0.10–0.50 GPa | Probably cross‐linking | Gorb and Krings (2021) |
| Gastropteron rubrum | 1.60–15.95 GPa | 0.10–0.85 GPa | Potentially cross‐linking |
Note: Here, the Young's modulus (E) and the hardness (H) values and their origins are listed.
In some solid substrate feeders (i.e., the nudibranch gastropods Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus), the different teeth of each row had similar mechanical properties. Here, teeth probably also had similar functions (“monofunctional radula”; Krings et al., 2023). However, in other taxa, there were pronounced gradients within each transversal tooth row present, i.e., different tooth types had different mechanical properties. For example, in some paludomid gastropods, the central teeth were the stiffest and hardest elements, followed by the lateral, and finally the marginal teeth (Gorb & Krings, 2021; Krings et al., 2019, 2022d). The central and lateral teeth are probably capable of loosening algae from rocks, whereas the marginal teeth rather collect loosened food particles in a complex motion of the buccal mass afterwards. Since teeth of one row probably had different functions, this type of radula was previously termed “multifunctional radula” (see Gorb & Krings, 2021; Krings, 2020).
The teeth of G. rubrum show mechanical properties that are comparable to nudibranch teeth. In G. rubrum, the large inner laterals are harder and stiffer than the smaller outer laterals, with the outermost being the softest and most flexible ones. This indicates that the different teeth might experience different loads during foraging. With regard to the tested regions, we found that the bases and the bulges are most flexible and soft. This suggests that the teeth can bend in anterior–posterior direction around their bases, probably adjusting to the sizes of different prey items. Additionally, teeth are probably capable of bending in lateral‐medial direction with the bulges serving as cushions (see Figure 8). This mechanical behavior was also observed when the radula was manipulated by tweezers: the radula could be folded around the groove towards medial. As consequence, the teeth bent towards the center forming a groove. SEM documentation revealed that the degree of wear and structural failure decreased towards the radular sides. All of this suggests, that during feeding, the Foraminifera, the sand particles or Porifera parts are clamped between the inner laterals during folding along the groove (Figure 8c). This behavior of radula was previously also described for other cephalaspid taxa foraging on worms or bivalves (Hurst, 1965; Rudman, 1972a). During this, the softer and more flexible outer teeth could serve as cushions and supporting structures, which would render this radula to be multifunctional since teeth have different functions. Subsequently, the radula with the particles is probably pulled into the mouth cavity. This system would allow G. rubrum to take in ingesta of different sizes, since its radula could easily adapt.
FIGURE 8.
Proposed biomechanical behavior of Gastropteron rubrum's radula, based on data from mechanical property tests and the documentation of the radular wear. (a) Radula 3D model from frontal view with clamped Foraminifera between inner laterals. (b) Model from above. (c) Model from the side. Arrows indicate the folding towards the radular groove, which enables the clamping of ingesta. Afterwards the radula with the particles is pulled into the mouth cavity (arrow in b). a, anterior; IL, inner lateral; l, lateral; m, medial; OL A, outer lateral A; OL B, outer lateral B; OL C, outer lateral C; OL D, outer lateral D; OL E, outer lateral E; p, posterior.
The prey from the distal region of the intestine was more brittle and fractured than the prey extracted from the proximal regions. In many Cephalaspidea, a strongly muscularized gizzard with plates is located after the esophagus, which crushes the food items as shells, Foraminifera, or diatoms (Cedhagen, 1996; Eilertsen & Malaquias, 2013; Malaquias et al., 2004; Rudman, 1972a; Shepelenko et al., 2015). In Gastropteridae, however, gizzard plates were probably lost (Rudman, 1978) and were not detected in G. rubrum here. Besides of the prey items, we detected various sand particles in the intestine. This either indicates, that individuals of G. rubrum do not feed selectively, but instead probably feed on the sand surface and take everything randomly in, or that they use the sand to crush the prey items. However, the fragmentation of the prey items might also involve acidic liquids, which should be investigated in the future.
4.2. Wear reduction
Wear reducing mechanisms are well‐investigated in Polyplacophora and Patellogastropoda. Here, high proportions of iron and silicon are incorporated into the thick leading edges (surface layer), which are hard and protected against wear (Brooker et al., 2003; Kim et al., 1989; Kirschvink & Lowenstam, 1979; Kisailus & Nemoto, 2018; Krings et al., 2022c; Lee, Brooker, Macey, et al., 2003; Lee, Brooker, van Bronswijk, et al., 2003; Lowenstam & Weiner, 1989; Saunders et al., 2009, 2011; van der Wal, 1989; van der Wal et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2013; Weaver et al., 2010). Compared to the harder outer surface layer, the teeth possess a softer inner core, which reduces crack formation (Grunenfelder et al., 2014; van der Wal et al., 1989; van der Wal et al., 1999). In some paludomid and nudibranch taxa, we previously also identified a surface layer with high Si or Ca content at the tooth region, which interacts with the food (Krings et al., 2022a, 2023; Krings & Gorb, 2023a). This layer, however, was very thin in comparison with that of the chitons and limpets, rendering these teeth as lightweight structures. In G. rubrum, we detected high content of Si and Ca in the tooth regions, which interact with the ingesta. This suggests that this also reduces wear during feeding. A similar adaptation involving the incorporation of Si at the tooth tip and the presence of a soft tooth base to reduce wear by foraging on hard prey, such as diatoms, has also been found in the gnathobases of Copepoda (Michels et al., 2012; Michels & Gorb, 2015).
4.3. The origin of the mechanical properties
In some taxa (i.e., Polyplacophora or Patellogastropoda), high proportions of iron, silicon, and calcium are incorporated into some tooth cusps, which directly relate to mechanical property differences in the various tooth regions (for in depth reviews, see Brooker & Shaw, 2012; Faivre & Ukmar‐Godec, 2015; Joester & Brooker, 2016). In G. rubrum, each tooth showed mechanical property gradients in its inner structure; but we could not relate these gradients with the inorganic content.
As the radula is composed of an organic matrix of chitin fibers with associated proteins (Guralnick & Smith, 1999; Runham, 1963), the fiber architecture (i.e., fiber density, size, etc.) can promote regional mechanical property differences (Evans et al., 1990, 1994; Gordon & Joester, 2011; Grunenfelder et al., 2014; Krings, Brütt, et al., 2020, Krings, Marcé‐Nogué, et al., 2020, Krings et al., 2022a; Lu & Barber, 2012; Runham, 1963; Shaw et al., 2010; Stegbauer et al., 2021; Ukmar‐Godec, 2016; Ukmar‐Godec et al., 2017; van der Wal, 1989; van der Wal et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2013; Wealthall et al., 2005). Whether this is the case for G. rubrum awaits further investigations, for example, in the form of tooth section investigations in TEM.
The chitin can also show different regional degrees of tanning, which result in different mechanical properties. The degree of tanning can be visualized by applying CLSM, according to the protocol of Michels and Gorb (2012). This protocol was developed for insect cuticle, which consists of unmineralized chitin. It allowed previously the identification of cuticle regions with certain dominating material composition in insect cuticle (see Table 2): Blue signals were induced from regions containing high proportions of resilin or proteins; these regions were relatively soft and flexible. Sclerotized cuticle was associated with a red signal; this region was relatively hard and stiff. Weakly‐sclerotized chitin was related to a green signal indicating regions, which were flexible and relatively tough. When proteins were abundant, those structures appeared brown, yellow, or pink in overlay. This protocol (Michels & Gorb, 2012) was applied in many studies on arthropod cuticles (e.g., Beutel et al., 2020; Friedrich & Kubiak, 2018; Lehnert et al., 2021; Matsumura et al., 2021; Peisker et al., 2013) and cross‐validated by employing nanoindentation in lady beetles and antlions (Krings & Gorb, 2023b; Peisker et al., 2013).
TABLE 2.
Results from previous CSLM studies in comparison to the results from Gastropteron rubrum.
| Laser wavelength (nm) | Assigned color | Insect cuticle (Michels & Gorb, 2012) | Crustacean feeding structures (Krings et al., 2022b; Michels et al., 2012; Michels & Gorb, 2015) | Paludomid radula (Lavigeria grandis; Krings et al., 2022d) | Nudibranch radula (Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus; Krings et al., 2023) | Radula of Gastropteron rubrum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 405 | Blue | Resilin, proteins, unsclerotized chitin | Calcium and proteins or probably unsclerotized chitin | Probably proteins or unsclerotized chitin | Calcium and proteins or unsclerotized chitin | Probably proteins or unsclerotized chitin |
| 488 | Green | Weakly‐sclerotized chitin | Silicon | Probably weakly‐sclerotized chitin | Silicon | Silicon |
| 555 and 639 | Red | Sclerotized chitin | Probably sclerotized chitin | Probably sclerotized chitin | Probably sclerotized chitin | Probably sclerotized chitin |
| 405, 488, 555, 639 | Brown, yellow, or pink | Proteins and sclerotized chitin in overlay | Proteins and chitin in overlay | Probably proteins and chitin in overlay | – | – |
Note: Here, the lasers of the distinct wavelengths, their assigned colors and the materials, which emitted the strong autofluorescence signals after excitements, are listed.
The same protocol was applied by Krings et al. (2022d) to the radula of the paludomid Lavigeria grandis, which possesses relatively low mineral content. Here, the autofluorescence signals (see Table 2) directly related to the mechanical property values received from nanoindentation technique. We also applied this protocol for the radulae of the nudibranch gastropods Felimare picta and Doris pseudoargus, but detected that the autofluorescence signal was distorted by the content of Ca and Si in the tooth surfaces (Krings et al., 2023). Nudibranch teeth with surfaces full of Ca showed a strong blue signal, and teeth containing high Si content in the surfaces a strong green signal (see Table 2). This pattern was previously also detected in crustacean feeding structures, the gnathobases and gastric mill teeth, containing either high content of Ca or Si (see Table 2; Krings et al., 2022b; Michels et al., 2012; Michels & Gorb, 2015). In G. rubrum, we detected that the surfaces containing Si appeared green (see Table 2). This shows that the protocol of Michels and Gorb (2012) cannot be directly applied to mineralized structures and that EDX analyses should be included into studies. However, the tooth sides of G. rubrum did not contain high proportions of Ca and Si or any of the other analyzed elements, so that the protocol could be applied to these regions. Potentially teeth were here sclerotized with a decreasing degree towards the basis. The bases and bulges of G. rubrum teeth were unmineralized and appeared strongly blue, which indicates that either proteins or unsclerotized chitin were present in these regions, which both increase the softness and flexibility.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Wencke Krings: Conceptualization (lead); data curation (lead); funding acquisition (lead); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (lead); supervision (lead); validation (lead); visualization (lead); writing – original draft (lead); writing – review and editing (lead). Charlotte Neumann: Investigation (equal); methodology (equal); validation (supporting); visualization (supporting). Stanislav N. Gorb: Conceptualization (supporting); methodology (supporting); project administration (supporting); resources (lead); writing – review and editing (supporting). Alexander Koehnsen: Investigation (supporting); methodology (supporting). Heike Wägele: Conceptualization (supporting); project administration (supporting); resources (supporting); supervision (supporting); writing – review and editing (equal).
FUNDING INFORMATION
This research was financed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) grant 470833544 to WK.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank Elke Woelken from the Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Universität Hamburg, for her support on the SEM. We are highly grateful for the helpful comments of the anonymous reviewers. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
APPENDIX 1.
FIGURE A1.
(a) SEM image of teeth. (b) Embedded radula sample for EDX analysis and nanoindentation experiments. Representative EDX spectra of the inner tooth structure (c) and the surface at the tooth basis (d). BA, basis; BU, bulge; CU, cusp; IL, inner lateral tooth; IS, inner tooth structure; SB, basis of stylus; SI, side; SU, tooth surface; ST, terminal stylus. Scale bars: (a) 40 μm; (b) 0.5mm.
FIGURE A2.
Results from EDX analysis. Content of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, Zn, and Ae (sum of Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, P + Pt, S, Si, and Zn) for the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface for each tooth type. Regions of tooth surfaces are pooled together.
TABLE A1.
Results from the EDX analysis (mean and standard deviation; given in atomic %) for the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface (all tooth types and regions pooled together).
| Locality | N | Ca | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | Cl | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | Cu | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||
| Inner structure | 180 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 5.1434 | 1 | <.0001* | 0.03 | 0.03 | 141.9183 | 1 | <.0001* | 0.05 | 0.04 | 136.0744 | 1 | <.0001* |
| Surface | 294 | 2.28 | 2.28 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.14 | 0.11 | |||||||||
| Locality | N | Fe | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | K | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | Mg | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||
| Inner structure | 180 | 0.53 | 0.35 | 10.8848 | 1 | .0010* | 0.03 | 0.02 | 81.4326 | 1 | <.0001* | 0.26 | 0.09 | 39.7468 | 1 | <.0001* |
| Surface | 294 | 0.60 | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Locality | N | P + Pt | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | S | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | Si | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||
| Inner structure | 180 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 44.7110 | 1 | <.0001* | 0.34 | 0.12 | 239.1987 | 1 | <.0001* | 0.04 | 0.13 | 305.4376 | 1 | <.0001* |
| Surface | 294 | 0.85 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.30 | 5.79 | 6.40 | |||||||||
| Locality | N | Zn | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | Ae | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | Mean | SD | χ2 | df | p‐value | |||||||
| Inner structure | 180 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 117.5291 | 1 | <.0001* | 2.12 | 0.74 | 153.9240 | 1 | <.0001* | |||||
| Surface | 294 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 10.63 | 9.70 | |||||||||||
Note: Results from pairwise comparison by Wilcoxon method between the inner tooth structure and the surface layer for the elemental proportions. Orange p‐values = highly significant differences, red p‐values = significant differences, black = no significant differences.
Abbreviations: df, degrees of freedom; N, quantity of point measurements; SD, standard deviation.
TABLE A2.
Results from the EDX analysis (mean and standard deviation; given in atomic %).
| Tooth type | Locality | N | Ca | Cl | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Inner laterals | Inner structure | 70 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.09 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | 134 | 2.60 | 3.01 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.17 |
| Outer laterals A | Inner structure | 22 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | 34 | 1.62 | 2.18 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.23 |
| Outer laterals B | Inner structure | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | 34 | 1.99 | 2.66 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.43 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.22 |
| Outer laterals C | Inner structure | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | 34 | 2.21 | 2.78 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.37 | 0.23 |
| Outer laterals D | Inner structure | 22 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | 32 | 2.21 | 2.78 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.39 | 0.22 |
| Outer laterals E | Inner structure | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | 26 | 1.87 | 2.71 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.23 |
| Tooth type | Locality | N | P + Pt | S | Si | Zn | Ae | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Inner laterals | Inner structure | 70 | 0.58 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 2.25 | 0.79 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | 134 | 0.85 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.30 | 6.63 | 6.80 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 12.01 | 10.34 |
| Outer laterals A | Inner structure | 22 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.09 | 0.72 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | 34 | 0.80 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.25 | 4.26 | 5.07 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 8.10 | 7.76 |
| Outer laterals B | Inner structure | 22 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.71 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | 34 | 0.99 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.32 | 4.81 | 5.53 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 9.41 | 8.51 |
| Outer laterals C | Inner structure | 22 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.03 | 0.71 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | 34 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 5.19 | 5.84 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 9.96 | 9.32 |
| Outer laterals D | Inner structure | 22 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.70 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | 32 | 0.85 | 0.54 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 6.09 | 6.57 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 10.82 | 9.99 |
| Outer laterals E | Inner structure | 22 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.03 | 0.71 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | 26 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.63 | 0.33 | 5.11 | 7.13 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 9.02 | 9.82 |
Note: For the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface, elemental proportions are sorted according to tooth types.
Abbreviations: N, quantity of point measurements; SD, standard deviation.
TABLE A3.
For the elemental proportions: results from pairwise comparison by Wilcoxon method between the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface sorted to tooth types.
| Element | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | Element | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | df | p‐value | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||||||||
| Ae | IL Olayer | IL IS | 163.706 | 11 | <.0001* | <.0001* | Mg | IL Olayer | IL IS | 55.1818 | 11 | <.0001* | .0015* |
| Ae | OL B Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | Mg | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .0003* | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .0002* | Mg | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .0531 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0015* | Mg | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .0110* | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0021* | Mg | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0110* | ||||||
| Ae | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .0006* | Mg | OL A IS | IL IS | .0253* | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .0007* | Mg | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .0462* | ||||||
| Ae | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .0010* | Mg | OL C IS | IL IS | .0662 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .0007* | Mg | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .2015 | ||||||
| Ae | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .0201* | Mg | OL E IS | IL IS | .0704 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .0008* | Mg | OL D IS | IL IS | .0718 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .0013* | Mg | OL B IS | IL IS | .0778 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .0052* | Mg | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .2681 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .0055* | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .0620 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0023* | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .0658 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0023* | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .0698 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0023* | Mg | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .3982 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0024* | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .1111 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .0078* | Mg | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .2113 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0044* | Mg | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .2270 | ||||||
| Ae | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .0274* | Mg | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .2436 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2430 | Mg | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .2791 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2777 | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4263 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .3739 | Mg | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .4109 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4468 | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .4724 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .5944 | Mg | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .6677 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .6861 | Mg | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .6749 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .8991 | Mg | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .6992 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9813 | Mg | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .7981 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9813 | Mg | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .7630 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | Mg | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9813 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | Mg | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | Mg | OL E IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9439 | Mg | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9813 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9072 | Mg | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9813 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .7826 | Mg | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9532 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL A IS | .6641 | Mg | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .9511 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | OL A IS | .6472 | Mg | OL C IS | OL A IS | .6303 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B IS | OL A IS | .6304 | Mg | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .8506 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL A IS | .6138 | Mg | OL D IS | OL A IS | .5651 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .6279 | Mg | OL E IS | OL A IS | .5651 | ||||||
| Ae | OL A IS | IL IS | .4612 | Mg | OL B IS | OL A IS | .5185 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .5707 | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .5279 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B IS | IL IS | .3031 | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .5012 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | IL IS | .2988 | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .4947 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | IL IS | .2946 | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .4817 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | IL IS | .2821 | Mg | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .5183 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .0176* | Mg | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .4915 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | .0176* | Mg | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | .4758 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .0176* | Mg | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .4654 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .0176* | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .3359 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .2843 | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2929 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .2506 | Mg | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .2645 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .1988 | Mg | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .2369 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .0055* | Mg | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .2369 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .0050* | Mg | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .2303 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .0008* | Mg | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .2270 | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .0006* | Mg | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .5789 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .0006* | Mg | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .5771 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .0005* | Mg | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .5616 | ||||||
| Ae | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .0200* | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .1770 | ||||||
| Ae | OL A IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Mg | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .5479 | ||||||
| Ae | OL C IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .1088 | ||||||
| Ae | OL E IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Mg | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .0633 | ||||||
| Ae | OL B IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Mg | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .0368* | ||||||
| Ae | OL D IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Mg | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .2750 | ||||||
| Ca | OL A IS | IL IS | 26.1852 | 11 | .0061 | <.0001* | P + Pt | IL Olayer | IL IS | 48.2629 | 11 | <.0001* | .0023* |
| Ca | OL C IS | IL IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | OL B Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | IL IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .0610 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | IL IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .0182* | ||||||
| Ca | OL B IS | IL IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0192* | ||||||
| Ca | IL Olayer | IL IS | .2167 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0327* | ||||||
| Ca | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .3022 | P + Pt | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .0031* | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .3022 | P + Pt | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .0042* | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .3022 | P + Pt | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .0882 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .3264 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .0561 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .3347 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .0561 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | .3347 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .0561 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .3347 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .0671 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .4655 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .0984 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .4655 | P + Pt | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .1283 | ||||||
| Ca | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .6599 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .1091 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .5792 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .1128 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .7592 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .1688 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .7484 | P + Pt | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .2113 | ||||||
| Ca | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .9048 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .1820 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .9371 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .1889 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .9371 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .5735 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .9411 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .2032 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .9411 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .2300 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .9253 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .5768 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9584 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .5856 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9625 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .9104 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL C IS | .9719 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .9226 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .9949 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .9316 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9719 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .9821 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9813 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .9795 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL A IS | .9906 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9795 | P + Pt | OL C IS | OL A IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9625 | P + Pt | OL C IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9072 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .8492 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .7267 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9906 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .7036 | P + Pt | OL B IS | OL A IS | .9719 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .7790 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL A IS | .9719 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .7368 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .9405 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .6035 | P + Pt | OL A IS | IL IS | .8691 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .6035 | P + Pt | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .8917 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .6035 | P + Pt | OL E IS | IL IS | .8368 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .5672 | P + Pt | OL C IS | IL IS | .8225 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C IS | OL A IS | .4886 | P + Pt | OL D IS | IL IS | .8225 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E IS | OL A IS | .4455 | P + Pt | OL B IS | IL IS | .8083 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D IS | OL A IS | .4316 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .4866 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B IS | OL A IS | .4046 | P + Pt | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .3556 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .4655 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .2303 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .4655 | P + Pt | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | .2239 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .4655 | P + Pt | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .2114 | ||||||
| Ca | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .3181 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .1994 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .3022 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .1129 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .2645 | P + Pt | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .1121 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .3451 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .0984 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0769 | P + Pt | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .1207 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0769 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .0561 | ||||||
| Ca | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .4391 | P + Pt | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .0034* | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0735 | P + Pt | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .0031* | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0735 | P + Pt | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .0027* | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0735 | P + Pt | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .0816 | ||||||
| Ca | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .3883 | P + Pt | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .0794 | ||||||
| Ca | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .3209 | P + Pt | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .0751 | ||||||
| Ca | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .2838 | P + Pt | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .0743 | ||||||
| Ca | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .2631 | P + Pt | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .0743 | ||||||
| Cl | IL Olayer | IL IS | 195.6244 | 11 | <.0001* | .0067* | S | IL Olayer | IL IS | 264.2958 | 11 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Cl | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | S | OL B Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | S | OL C Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | S | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .0002* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | S | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | S | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | <.0001* | S | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | S | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | S | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | S | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .0007* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | S | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | S | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | S | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | S | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | S | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0037* | S | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0042* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | S | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0003* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .1135 | S | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0003* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .0224* | S | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0003* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .1940 | S | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0003* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .0758 | S | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0006* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .2131 | S | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .1602 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .2934 | S | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2199 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .2155 | S | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4685 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .2265 | S | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .5657 | ||||||
| Cl | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4144 | S | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .8761 | ||||||
| Cl | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .5425 | S | OL E IS | OL C IS | .8879 | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4390 | S | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9906 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .8122 | S | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9906 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9528 | S | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL B IS | .9716 | S | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9532 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL C IS | .9430 | S | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9158 | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9337 | S | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9170 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9337 | S | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .8328 | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9169 | S | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .8948 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL B IS | .8862 | S | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .7242 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL A IS | .8217 | S | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .6926 | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | OL A IS | .6781 | S | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .6438 | ||||||
| Cl | OL B IS | OL A IS | .6435 | S | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .6350 | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL A IS | .5447 | S | OL D IS | OL A IS | .5338 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .6031 | S | OL B IS | OL A IS | .5184 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .5545 | S | OL E IS | OL A IS | .5033 | ||||||
| Cl | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .7104 | S | OL C IS | OL A IS | .4595 | ||||||
| Cl | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .6987 | S | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .6031 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .4091 | S | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .5098 | ||||||
| Cl | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .1488 | S | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .1059 | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL A IS | IL IS | <.0001* | S | OL A IS | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | IL IS | <.0001* | S | OL D IS | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B IS | IL IS | <.0001* | S | OL C IS | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | IL IS | <.0001* | S | OL B IS | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | IL IS | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL B IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL A IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL D IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL B IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL C IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL D IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL A IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL C IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | OL E IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | S | OL E IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | IL Olayer | IL IS | 209.6904 | 11 | <.0001* | <.0001* | Si | IL Olayer | IL IS | 310.6357 | 11 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Cu | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | Si | OL C Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | Si | OL B Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | Si | OL A Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | Si | OL E Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | Si | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | Si | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | Si | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | Si | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | <.0001* | Si | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | Si | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0027* | Si | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | Si | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .0201* | Si | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0852 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .0638 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .1087 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .2915 | Si | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .0229* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .2886 | Si | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .0235* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .3770 | Si | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .0628 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .4831 | Si | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .0826 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL C IS | .7677 | Si | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .1160 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL C IS | .9056 | Si | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .1298 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL B IS | .9718 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .1500 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9155 | Si | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .5960 | ||||||
| Cu | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .9496 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2964 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL B IS | .8502 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .4292 | ||||||
| Cu | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .9034 | Si | OL D IS | OL B IS | .9154 | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | OL B IS | .7145 | Si | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9436 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .7036 | Si | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9624 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .6077 | Si | OL D IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL A IS | .5110 | Si | OL E IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Cu | OL B IS | OL A IS | .3967 | Si | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9718 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .6338 | Si | OL A IS | IL IS | .9434 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .2302 | Si | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .9465 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .3459 | Si | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .6672 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL A IS | .1070 | Si | OL B IS | OL A IS | .2246 | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | OL A IS | .0967 | Si | OL C IS | OL A IS | .2247 | ||||||
| Cu | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .1795 | Si | OL D IS | OL A IS | .2244 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .0076* | Si | OL E IS | OL A IS | .2246 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .5009 | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL B IS | IL IS | .1110 | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL C IS | IL IS | .1110 | ||||||
| Cu | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL D IS | IL IS | .1110 | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | IL IS | .1110 | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .0249* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .0098* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .0046* | Si | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .0013* | Si | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL A IS | IL IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | IL IS | <.0001* | Si | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B IS | IL IS | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | IL IS | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | IL IS | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL C IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL A IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL E IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL B IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL A IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL C IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL B IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL D IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | OL D IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | Si | OL E IS | IL Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | 38.1268 | 11 | <.0001* | .1019 | Zn | IL Olayer | IL IS | 127.1231 | 11 | <.0001* | .0003* |
| Fe | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .1019 | Zn | OL D Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .1129 | Zn | OL B Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .1129 | Zn | OL A Olayer | IL IS | .0004* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2565 | Zn | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .2777 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .4655 | Zn | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .4863 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .4868 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .5183 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .6810 | Zn | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .6810 | Zn | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0054* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .7051 | Zn | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .1266 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9072 | Zn | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .1402 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9532 | Zn | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0496* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | Zn | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .0105* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL C IS | .9813 | Zn | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .0105* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9625 | Zn | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .0124* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9345 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0142* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9158 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0150* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .9228 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0159* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | OL A IS | .8973 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0168* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | OL A IS | .8602 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0240* | ||||||
| Fe | OL B IS | OL A IS | .8418 | Zn | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .4883 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | OL A IS | .8053 | Zn | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .5804 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .7338 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4042 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .7058 | Zn | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .4882 | ||||||
| Fe | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .8546 | Zn | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .6766 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .6445 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .6765 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .6334 | Zn | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9251 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .5856 | Zn | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9488 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .5811 | Zn | OL D IS | OL B IS | .9812 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .5320 | Zn | OL E IS | OL C IS | .9812 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .7775 | Zn | OL E IS | OL B IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| Fe | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .5075 | Zn | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9812 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .4868 | Zn | OL E IS | OL A IS | .9718 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .7697 | Zn | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9625 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .7542 | Zn | OL C IS | OL A IS | .7501 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .4543 | Zn | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .7544 | ||||||
| Fe | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .7503 | Zn | OL B IS | OL A IS | .6798 | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .4438 | Zn | OL D IS | OL A IS | .4864 | ||||||
| Fe | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .4452 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .3067 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .1794 | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .2385 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .1746 | Zn | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .4905 | ||||||
| Fe | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .0886 | Zn | OL A IS | IL IS | .2791 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0106* | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .1072 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0106* | Zn | OL E IS | IL IS | .2647 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0100* | Zn | OL C IS | IL IS | .2204 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0094* | Zn | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .0722 | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0074* | Zn | OL B IS | IL IS | .2069 | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .2129 | Zn | OL D IS | IL IS | .1816 | ||||||
| Fe | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .1213 | Zn | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .0105* | ||||||
| Fe | IL Olayer | IL IS | .0376* | Zn | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .0095* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .0544 | Zn | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D Olayer | IL IS | .0035* | Zn | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0030* | Zn | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL A IS | IL IS | .0026* | Zn | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL D IS | IL IS | .0020* | Zn | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL B IS | IL IS | .0019* | Zn | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E IS | IL IS | .0018* | Zn | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL C IS | IL IS | .0018* | Zn | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .0004* | Zn | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .0014* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .0140* | Zn | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .0011* | ||||||
| Fe | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .0083* | Zn | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .0011* | ||||||
| Fe | OL A Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | Zn | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .0009* | ||||||
| Fe | OL E Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | Zn | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .0008* | ||||||
| K | IL Olayer | IL IS | 85.9342 | 11 | <.0001* | <.0001* | K | OL E Olayer | OL C Olayer | .7426 | |||
| K | OL A Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | K | OL D IS | OL A IS | .8229 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | IL IS | <.0001* | K | OL E Olayer | OL A Olayer | .8696 | ||||||
| K | OL B Olayer | IL IS | .0002* | K | OL D IS | OL B IS | .8597 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | IL IS | .0008* | K | OL D IS | OL C IS | .9250 | ||||||
| K | OL C Olayer | IL IS | .0025* | K | OL C IS | OL B IS | .9625 | ||||||
| K | OL B Olayer | OL B IS | .0297* | K | OL E IS | OL B IS | .9718 | ||||||
| K | OL B Olayer | OL A IS | .0333* | K | OL E IS | OL C IS | 1.0000 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL A IS | .0334* | K | OL B IS | OL A IS | .9343 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL B IS | .0338* | K | OL D Olayer | OL B Olayer | .9284 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL C IS | .0353* | K | OL E IS | OL D IS | .9063 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL D IS | .0402* | K | OL C IS | OL A IS | .8969 | ||||||
| K | OL D IS | IL IS | .1698 | K | OL E IS | OL A IS | .7865 | ||||||
| K | OL A Olayer | OL A IS | .0500* | K | OL C Olayer | IL Olayer | .8947 | ||||||
| K | OL B Olayer | IL Olayer | .3542 | K | OL C Olayer | OL A Olayer | .7871 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | OL A IS | .0450* | K | OL E Olayer | OL D Olayer | .7366 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | OL B IS | .0457* | K | OL E Olayer | OL B Olayer | .4971 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | OL D IS | .0457* | K | OL C Olayer | OL B Olayer | .3605 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | OL E IS | .0480* | K | OL D IS | OL C Olayer | .1053 | ||||||
| K | OL A IS | IL IS | .2085 | K | OL E IS | OL C Olayer | .0885 | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | IL Olayer | .3998 | K | OL D IS | OL A Olayer | .0613 | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | OL C IS | .0504 | K | OL B IS | OL A Olayer | .0526 | ||||||
| K | OL B IS | IL IS | .2354 | K | OL C IS | OL A Olayer | .0526 | ||||||
| K | OL C Olayer | OL A IS | .0879 | K | OL E IS | OL A Olayer | .0486* | ||||||
| K | OL C Olayer | OL B IS | .0916 | K | OL D IS | OL B Olayer | .0397* | ||||||
| K | OL C Olayer | OL C IS | .1018 | K | OL E IS | OL D Olayer | .0338* | ||||||
| K | OL C IS | IL IS | .2994 | K | OL C IS | OL B Olayer | .0352* | ||||||
| K | OL E IS | IL IS | .4481 | K | OL E IS | OL B Olayer | .0297* | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL C Olayer | .3897 | K | OL D IS | IL Olayer | .0330* | ||||||
| K | OL B Olayer | OL A Olayer | .5274 | K | OL C IS | IL Olayer | .0226* | ||||||
| K | OL E Olayer | IL Olayer | .7794 | K | OL B IS | IL Olayer | .0208* | ||||||
| K | OL D Olayer | OL A Olayer | .6210 | K | OL A IS | IL Olayer | .0202* | ||||||
| K | OL A Olayer | IL Olayer | .8126 | K | OL E IS | IL Olayer | .0175* | ||||||
Note: Orange p‐values = highly significant differences, red p‐values = significant differences, black = no significant differences.
Abbreviations: N, quantity of point measurements; IL, inner lateral tooth; IS, inner structure; OL, outer lateral tooth; Olayer, outer layer.
TABLE A4.
Results from the EDX analysis (mean and standard deviation; given in atomic %).
| Locality | Tooth region | N | Ca | Cl | Cu | Fe | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Surface | Bulge | 46 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.07 |
| Surface | Basis | 46 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.09 |
| Surface | Stylus, basis | 46 | 3.41 | 2.41 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.81 |
| Surface | Stylus, terminal | 46 | 5.32 | 1.72 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 1.12 | 0.68 |
| Surface | Cusp | 46 | 5.56 | 2.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 1.26 | 0.75 |
| Surface | Sides | 64 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.10 |
| Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 180 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.53 | 0.35 |
| Locality | Locality | N | K | Mg | Na | P + Pt | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Surface | Bulge | 46 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.38 |
| Surface | Basis | 46 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.91 | 0.67 |
| Surface | Stylus, basis | 46 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.05 | 0.70 |
| Surface | Stylus, terminal | 46 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.81 | 0.41 |
| Surface | Cusp | 46 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.44 |
| Surface | Sides | 64 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.69 |
| Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 180 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.26 |
| Locality | Locality | N | S | Si | Zn | Ae | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Surface | Bulge | 46 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.37 | 0.49 |
| Surface | Basis | 46 | 0.67 | 0.22 | 0.35 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 2.45 | 0.85 |
| Surface | Stylus, basis | 46 | 0.66 | 0.27 | 8.00 | 1.77 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 14.74 | 3.80 |
| Surface | Stylus, terminal | 46 | 0.85 | 0.25 | 11.58 | 1.26 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 20.31 | 2.61 |
| Surface | Cusp | 46 | 0.76 | 0.26 | 16.24 | 2.76 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 25.17 | 4.04 |
| Surface | Sides | 64 | 0.78 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 2.76 | 0.87 |
| Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 180 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 2.12 | 0.74 |
Note: For the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface (all tooth types pooled together), elemental proportions are sorted according to regions.
Abbreviations: N, quantity of point measurements; SD, standard deviation.
TABLE A5.
Results from the EDX analysis (mean and standard deviation; given in atomic %).
| Tooth type | Locality | Locality | N | Ca | Cl | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Inner laterals | Surface | Bulge | 23 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.04 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Basis | 23 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.07 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Stylus, basis | 23 | 3.53 | 2.60 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.21 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 23 | 5.59 | 1.81 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 1.49 | 0.77 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.16 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Cusp | 23 | 5.85 | 2.12 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 1.59 | 0.77 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.10 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Sides | 19 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.08 |
| Inner laterals | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 70 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.46 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.23 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.01 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 2.42 | 2.07 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.63 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.51 | 0.11 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 4.00 | 2.57 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.57 | 0.16 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 4.11 | 1.46 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.62 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.18 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals A | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.60 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.41 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 00.12 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 2.90 | 2.74 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.84 | 0.31 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.12 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 5.52 | 1.51 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.63 | 0.26 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 4.90 | 1.98 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.08 |
| Outer laterals B | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 4.75 | 1.84 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.35 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 4.83 | 0.90 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.11 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 5.80 | 2.29 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 1.27 | 0.59 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.12 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.08 |
| Outer laterals C | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.07 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 2.57 | 1.93 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.94 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.21 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 5.34 | 1.27 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.67 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.58 | 0.20 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 5.99 | 2.26 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 1.37 | 0.73 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.12 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Sides | 7 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.08 |
| Outer laterals D | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.09 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Bulge | 3 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Basis | 3 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.26 | 0.08 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Stylus, basis | 3 | 4.12 | 2.91 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.53 | 0.53 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 3 | 5.79 | 1.43 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.58 | 0.18 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Cusp | 3 | 5.75 | 0.97 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 0.38 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.21 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Sides | 11 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.06 |
| Outer laterals E | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.56 | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.09 |
| Tooth type | Locality | Locality | N | Na | P + Pt | S | Si | Zn | Ae | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
| Inner laterals | Surface | Bulge | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.30 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 1.48 | 0.47 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Basis | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.72 | 0.23 | 0.37 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 2.61 | 0.80 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Stylus, basis | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 8.40 | 1.83 | 0.15 | 0.08 | 15.50 | 3.92 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.86 | 0.20 | 12.19 | 1.17 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 21.38 | 2.58 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Cusp | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.50 | 0.82 | 0.23 | 17.10 | 2.79 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 26.61 | 3.93 |
| Inner laterals | Surface | Sides | 19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 2.89 | 0.90 |
| Inner laterals | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.30 | 0.43 | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 2.25 | 0.79 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.09 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.08 | 0.41 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 2.02 | 0.80 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.15 | 5.71 | 2.83 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 10.69 | 5.42 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0.37 | 0.80 | 0.22 | 9.54 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 16.86 | 2.41 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.29 | 0.72 | 0.13 | 12.77 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 19.90 | 1.69 |
| Outer laterals A | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.68 | 0.63 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 2.50 | 0.93 |
| Outer laterals A | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.09 | 0.72 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 1.54 | 0.85 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.34 | 1.16 | 0.65 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 2.70 | 1.53 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 0.70 | 0.26 | 7.51 | 0.24 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 13.59 | 3.01 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.95 | 0.57 | 1.00 | 0.30 | 10.40 | 0.33 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 19.49 | 1.75 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 0.78 | 0.38 | 13.94 | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 21.77 | 2.56 |
| Outer laterals B | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.63 | 0.77 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 2.72 | 0.67 |
| Outer laterals B | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.71 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1.06 | 0.19 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 1.91 | 0.35 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.96 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 7.94 | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 16.04 | 2.31 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.90 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.21 | 11.13 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.10 | 19.16 | 0.80 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.96 | 0.51 | 0.75 | 0.09 | 14.86 | 0.46 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 24.26 | 3.11 |
| Outer laterals C | Surface | Sides | 9 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.29 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 2.95 | 1.10 |
| Outer laterals C | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.03 | 0.71 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Bulge | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.38 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.41 | 0.43 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.14 | 0.47 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 2.30 | 0.58 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Stylus, basis | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.04 | 0.63 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 8.43 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 14.39 | 1.31 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.74 | 0.44 | 0.91 | 0.46 | 11.92 | 0.36 | 0.21 | 0.09 | 20.39 | 1.91 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Cusp | 5 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.89 | 0.52 | 0.81 | 0.10 | 17.03 | 0.79 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 26.72 | 2.89 |
| Outer laterals D | Surface | Sides | 7 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.06 | 0.76 | 0.71 | 0.30 | 0.52 | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 2.90 | 0.99 |
| Outer laterals D | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.02 | 0.70 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Bulge | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.49 | 0.28 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Basis | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.63 | 0.67 | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.70 | 0.70 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Stylus, basis | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 8.93 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 16.04 | 2.63 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Stylus, terminal | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.89 | 0.18 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 12.46 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 21.07 | 2.24 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Cusp | 3 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.49 | 20.30 | 1.18 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 27.60 | 2.07 |
| Outer laterals E | Surface | Sides | 11 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.66 | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 2.53 | 0.70 |
| Outer laterals E | Inner structure | Whole tooth area | 22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 2.03 | 0.71 |
Note: For the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface, elemental proportions are sorted according to tooth types and regions.
Abbreviations: N, quantity of point measurements; SD, standard deviation.
TABLE A6.
For the elemental proportions: results from pairwise comparison by Wilcoxon method between the inner tooth structure and the tooth surface (all tooth types pooled together) are sorted according to regions.
| Element | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | Element | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | df | p‐value | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||||||||
| Ae | Side OL | IS | 298.4635 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | Mg | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | 166.1782 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Ae | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Cusp OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Cusp OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | IS | Basis OL | .0276* | ||||||
| Ae | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Side OL | Basis OL | .0686 | ||||||
| Ae | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .1907 | ||||||
| Ae | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Mg | Side OL | IS | .4387 | ||||||
| Ae | Side OL | Basis OL | .0264* | Mg | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .1430 | ||||||
| Ae | IS | Basis OL | .0227* | Mg | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0101* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Mg | Side OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | Mg | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Mg | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Side OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | Mg | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Mg | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Mg | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ae | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Mg | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | IS | Basis OL | 339.5842 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | P + Pt | Side OL | IS | 47.0579 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Ca | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Side OL | Cusp OL | .2152 | ||||||
| Ca | Cusp OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .2658 | ||||||
| Ca | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Side OL | Basis OL | .4506 | ||||||
| Ca | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0002* | P + Pt | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .7518 | ||||||
| Ca | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0002* | P + Pt | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .7968 | ||||||
| Ca | Side OL | Basis OL | .0312* | P + Pt | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .5819 | ||||||
| Ca | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .9222 | P + Pt | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .4234 | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | Basis OL | .0065* | P + Pt | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .4506 | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .2494 | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0947 | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | Side OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | Bulge OL | IS | .0036* | ||||||
| Ca | Side OL | IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | IS | Cusp OL | .0008* | ||||||
| Ca | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | P + Pt | IS | Basis OL | .0003* | ||||||
| Ca | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Ca | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | P + Pt | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Side OL | IS | 151.7305 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | S | Side OL | IS | 250.0864 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Cl | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .0005* | S | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0002* | ||||||
| Cl | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .0045* | S | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .0003* | ||||||
| Cl | Side OL | Basis OL | .0142* | S | Side OL | Basis OL | .0147* | ||||||
| Cl | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0318* | S | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0101* | ||||||
| Cl | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .1245 | S | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .0126* | ||||||
| Cl | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .3055 | S | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0420* | ||||||
| Cl | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .6958 | S | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .8178 | ||||||
| Cl | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .3247 | S | Side OL | Cusp OL | .5245 | ||||||
| Cl | Side OL | Cusp OL | .1651 | S | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .2044 | ||||||
| Cl | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .0300* | S | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .0820 | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | IS | .1582 | S | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | S | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | S | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | S | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | S | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | S | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | IS | Basis OL | <.0001* | S | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | S | IS | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | S | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cl | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | S | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Side OL | IS | 139.2310 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | Si | Side OL | IS | 381.5313 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Cu | Bulge OL | IS | .0165* | Si | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0211* | Si | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Side OL | Basis OL | .0723 | Si | Cusp OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .1967 | Si | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Side OL | Cusp OL | .3232 | Si | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .3307 | Si | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .3546 | Si | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .8056 | Si | Side OL | Basis OL | .5148 | ||||||
| Cu | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .8238 | Si | Bulge OL | Basis OL | .0360* | ||||||
| Cu | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .9969 | Si | Bulge OL | Side OL | .0106* | ||||||
| Cu | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .4509 | Si | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0197* | Si | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Bulge OL | Basis OL | .0065* | Si | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .0011* | Si | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | .0003* | Si | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | Si | Side OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | IS | Basis OL | <.0001* | Si | IS | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Si | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Si | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Cu | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Si | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | IS | Basis OL | 252.1298 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | Zn | Side OL | IS | 127.5303 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| Fe | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .0045* | ||||||
| Fe | Cusp OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .0048* | ||||||
| Fe | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .0082* | ||||||
| Fe | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0411* | Zn | Side OL | Basis OL | .0891 | ||||||
| Fe | Side OL | Basis OL | .1680 | Zn | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .7665 | ||||||
| Fe | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .1742 | Zn | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .8056 | ||||||
| Fe | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .3775 | Zn | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .9906 | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | Basis OL | .0189* | Zn | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .1526 | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | Side OL | .0003* | Zn | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .0820 | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Side OL | Cusp OL | .0615 | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Side OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Zn | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | Zn | IS | Basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | Zn | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Side OL | IS | <.0001* | Zn | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| Fe | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | Zn | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Side OL | IS | 88.4850 | 5 | <.0001* | <.0001* | K | Bulge OL | Basis OL | <.0001* | |||
| K | Stylus, basis OL | Basis OL | .0186* | K | Bulge OL | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Side OL | Basis OL | .0520 | K | Bulge OL | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Stylus, terminal OL | Basis OL | .1520 | K | IS | Basis OL | .0007* | ||||||
| K | Cusp OL | Basis OL | .3125 | K | Bulge OL | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Side OL | Cusp OL | .4875 | K | Bulge OL | Side OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Side OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .8533 | K | Bulge OL | IS | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Cusp OL | Stylus, terminal OL | .7159 | K | IS | Cusp OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Stylus, terminal OL | Stylus, basis OL | .3958 | K | IS | Stylus, terminal OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Side OL | Stylus, basis OL | .4253 | K | IS | Stylus, basis OL | <.0001* | ||||||
| K | Cusp OL | Stylus, basis OL | .1531 | ||||||||||
Note: Orange p‐values = highly significant differences, red p‐values = significant differences, black = no significant differences.
Abbreviation: df, degrees of freedom; IS, inner structure; OL, outer layer.
TABLE A7.
Results from nanoindentation experiments (mean and standard deviation).
| Tooth type | Locality | N | Young's modulus | Hardness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||
| Inner laterals | Bulge | 24 | 1.84 | 0.42 | 0.10 | 0.02 |
| Inner laterals | Basis | 24 | 4.23 | 0.68 | 0.23 | 0.04 |
| Inner laterals | Stylus, basis | 24 | 12.09 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.05 |
| Inner laterals | Stylus, terminal | 23 | 14.18 | 0.41 | 0.77 | 0.04 |
| Inner laterals | Cusp | 23 | 15.95 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.05 |
| Outer laterals A | Bulge | 11 | 1.60 | 0.49 | 0.10 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals A | Basis | 11 | 3.96 | 0.71 | 0.21 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals A | Stylus, basis | 11 | 11.44 | 0.81 | 0.61 | 0.06 |
| Outer laterals A | Stylus, terminal | 13 | 12.81 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals A | Cusp | 13 | 15.55 | 1.61 | 0.88 | 0.14 |
| Outer laterals B | Bulge | 11 | 2.17 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals B | Basis | 11 | 3.76 | 0.68 | 0.20 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals B | Stylus, basis | 11 | 10.81 | 0.80 | 0.58 | 0.06 |
| Outer laterals B | Stylus, terminal | 13 | 12.15 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.05 |
| Outer laterals B | Cusp | 13 | 14.69 | 1.55 | 0.83 | 0.13 |
| Outer laterals C | Bulge | 11 | 2.12 | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals C | Basis | 11 | 3.36 | 0.61 | 0.18 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals C | Stylus, basis | 11 | 9.67 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.05 |
| Outer laterals C | Stylus, terminal | 13 | 10.87 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals C | Cusp | 13 | 13.13 | 1.40 | 0.74 | 0.12 |
| Outer laterals D | Bulge | 11 | 1.98 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
| Outer laterals D | Basis | 11 | 3.03 | 0.57 | 0.16 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals D | Stylus, basis | 11 | 8.69 | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0.05 |
| Outer laterals D | Stylus, terminal | 13 | 9.75 | 0.65 | 0.54 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals D | Cusp | 13 | 11.77 | 1.26 | 0.67 | 0.10 |
| Outer laterals E | Bulge | 11 | 1.75 | 0.49 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals E | Basis | 11 | 2.64 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.03 |
| Outer laterals E | Stylus, basis | 11 | 7.58 | 0.60 | 0.41 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals E | Stylus, terminal | 13 | 8.51 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.04 |
| Outer laterals E | Cusp | 13 | 10.27 | 1.10 | 0.58 | 0.09 |
Note: For each tooth type, the hardness and Young's modulus (both given in GPa) from different regions (basis, stylus, and cusp) of the inner tooth structure are given.
Abbreviations: N, quantity of point measurements; SD, standard deviation.
TABLE A8.
For the mechanical property hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E): results from Kruskal–Wallis test and pairwise comparison by Wilcoxon method between the regions.
| Parameter | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | Parameter | Structure 1 | Structure 2 | Results from Wilcoxon‐test | p‐value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | df | p‐value | χ2 | df | p‐value | ||||||||
| H | IL Stylus, basis | IL Basis | 386.8802 | 29 | <.0001* | <.0001* | E | IL Stylus, basis | IL Basis | 386.8802 | 29 | <.0001* | <.0001* |
| H | IL Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | IL Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | IL Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | IL Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | IL Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | IL Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | IL Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | IL Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | IL Cusp | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Cusp | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | IL Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .0001* | E | OL B Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | IL Bulge | .0002* | E | OL E Basis | IL Bulge | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL D Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL E Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .0015* | E | OL E Cusp | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL E Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL E Stylus, basis | .0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL D Stylus, basis | .0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL E Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL E Stylus, term | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL D Stylus, term | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL E Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .0002* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL A Bulge | .0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL A Bulge | .0002* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .0010* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .0010* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL E Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0011* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL E Bulge | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL A Bulge | .0008* | E | OL D Basis | OL A Bulge | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .0025* | E | OL A Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .0025* | E | OL C Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .0025* | E | OL D Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | .0018* | E | OL E Basis | OL A Bulge | .0004* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL E Stylus, term | .0029* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .0008* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .0021* | E | OL B Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .0012* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL D Stylus, term | .0035* | E | OL E Basis | OL D Bulge | .0008* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, basis | .0026* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .0014* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Stylus, basis | .0026* | E | OL E Cusp | OL D Stylus, basis | .0018* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL D Bulge | .0020* | E | OL A Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .0231* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .0249* | E | OL C Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .0293* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL D Stylus, basis | .0045* | E | OL C Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .0054* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL B Bulge | .0031* | E | OL A Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .0344* | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .0322* | E | OL C Basis | OL B Bulge | .0047* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL C Bulge | .0071* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, basis | .0077* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .0175* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL E Stylus, basis | .0077* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0205* | E | OL D Basis | OL C Bulge | .0058* | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .0274* | E | OL E Basis | OL C Bulge | .0215* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL B Bulge | .0256* | E | OL D Basis | OL B Bulge | .0256* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL C Bulge | .0302* | E | OL D Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .0578 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .0426* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0559 | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | .0822 | E | OL C Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .0727 | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL A Bulge | .0877 | E | OL D Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .0822 | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .1989 | E | OL B Bulge | OL A Bulge | .1150 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .1239 | E | OL D Bulge | OL A Bulge | .1310 | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL A Bulge | .1006 | E | OL E Basis | OL B Bulge | .1310 | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL B Bulge | .1310 | E | OL B Bulge | IL Bulge | .2945 | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .1662 | E | OL E Cusp | OL C Stylus, basis | .2024 | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | IL Bulge | .2785 | E | OL C Bulge | OL A Bulge | .2122 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .1643 | E | OL B Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .3564 | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL A Bulge | .1484 | E | OL E Cusp | OL D Stylus, term | .2815 | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL D Stylus, term | .1824 | E | OL C Bulge | OL B Bulge | .2934 | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .3163 | E | OL E Bulge | OL A Bulge | .2934 | ||||||
| H | OL A Cusp | IL Cusp | .3073 | E | OL D Bulge | OL C Bulge | .3933 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .3816 | E | OL D Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .4869 | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL A Bulge | .3245 | E | OL D Bulge | IL Bulge | .6569 | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .3539 | E | OL C Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .6444 | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .3833 | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .6851 | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .4173 | E | OL D Bulge | OL B Bulge | .7928 | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL B Bulge | .5114 | E | OL C Bulge | IL Bulge | .9292 | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | IL Bulge | .6828 | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | 1.0000 | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL C Bulge | .6936 | E | OL B Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .9873 | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | IL Bulge | .7899 | E | OL E Bulge | IL Bulge | .9858 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .7976 | E | OL E Bulge | OL D Bulge | .4307 | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, basis | .8167 | E | OL D Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .4418 | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .8620 | E | OL A Cusp | IL Cusp | .4892 | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL B Bulge | .8955 | E | OL D Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .4741 | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | IL Cusp | .9475 | E | OL B Basis | OL A Basis | .3246 | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .9183 | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, basis | .3247 | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .9213 | E | OL D Basis | OL C Basis | .2372 | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | IL Bulge | .8451 | E | OL E Cusp | OL B Stylus, basis | .2466 | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .5727 | E | OL C Basis | OL B Basis | .1891 | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .4868 | E | OL E Bulge | OL C Bulge | .1891 | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .4512 | E | OL B Cusp | OL A Cusp | .1584 | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | OL A Basis | .4306 | E | OL E Basis | OL D Basis | .1150 | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL D Bulge | .3933 | E | OL E Cusp | OL C Stylus, term | .1370 | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL C Bulge | .3246 | E | OL A Basis | IL Basis | .2202 | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL B Basis | .2643 | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0929 | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL C Basis | .2643 | E | OL E Bulge | OL B Bulge | .0762 | ||||||
| H | OL B Cusp | OL A Cusp | .2930 | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | .0660 | ||||||
| H | OL A Basis | IL Basis | .3285 | E | OL C Basis | OL A Basis | .0569 | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | .1678 | E | OL A Bulge | IL Bulge | .1059 | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL D Basis | .1486 | E | OL B Basis | IL Basis | .0985 | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL B Bulge | .1310 | E | OL D Basis | OL B Basis | .0256* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .0725 | E | OL D Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .0355* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL A Basis | .0488* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | .0257* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, basis | .0488* | E | OL C Cusp | OL B Cusp | .0240* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL C Cusp | .0649 | E | OL E Basis | OL C Basis | .0126* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | .0612 | E | OL D Cusp | OL C Cusp | .0183* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL B Cusp | .0578 | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, basis | .0104* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | .1221 | E | OL D Basis | OL A Basis | .0086* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL Cusp | .0513 | E | OL E Cusp | OL A Stylus, basis | .0108* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | .0256* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | .0058* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | IL Bulge | .0914 | E | OL C Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .0323* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | IL Basis | .0914 | E | OL E Cusp | OL D Cusp | .0089* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Stylus, basis | .0215* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | .0345* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .0277* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Stylus, basis | .0039* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL B Basis | .0181* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .0054* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL C Basis | .0151* | E | OL B Cusp | IL Cusp | .0231* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .0240* | E | OL C Bulge | OL C Basis | .0025* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | OL A Cusp | .0210* | E | OL E Basis | OL B Basis | .0016* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL A Basis | .0104* | E | OL E Bulge | OL E Basis | .0016* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .0504 | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, basis | .0018* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL B Cusp | .0077* | E | OL C Cusp | OL A Cusp | .0021* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL C Cusp | .0056* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | .0004* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | .0025* | E | OL E Basis | OL A Basis | .0004* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0038* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | .0006* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL E Basis | .0020* | E | OL B Bulge | OL B Basis | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL C Basis | .0016* | E | OL C Bulge | OL B Basis | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL B Basis | .0013* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, term | .0006* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, term | .0021* | E | OL C Bulge | OL A Basis | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | OL A Cusp | .0018* | E | OL E Bulge | OL D Basis | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL C Cusp | IL Cusp | .0093* | E | OL B Bulge | OL A Basis | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | .0005* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, term | .0004* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL A Basis | .0004* | E | OL D Bulge | OL D Basis | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | .0010* | E | OL D Cusp | OL B Cusp | .0003* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .0079* | E | OL A Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL B Basis | .0003* | E | OL B Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL B Basis | .0003* | E | OL B Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, basis | .0003* | E | OL C Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Stylus, term | .0009* | E | OL C Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL A Basis | .0002* | E | OL C Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL A Basis | .0002* | E | OL C Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | .0002* | E | OL D Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL D Basis | .0002* | E | OL D Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL D Basis | .0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | .0004* | E | OL D Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | .0042* | E | OL D Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL D Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL B Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL C Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL D Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL D Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL A Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL B Stylus, term | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL B Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | IL Basis | .0024* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL C Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | .0017* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL C Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL D Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | .0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | IL Stylus, term | .0024* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | .0001* | E | OL C Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | IL Basis | .0027* | E | OL C Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | .0001* | E | OL C Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL B Cusp | .0001* | E | OL C Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | OL D Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | OL D Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | OL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | OL D Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL D Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | OL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | OL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | .0007* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | OL D Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL A Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | .0005* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | IL Basis | .0002* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL B Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | IL Stylus, basis | .0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | OL C Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL A Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | IL Basis | .0002* | E | OL A Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL A Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL Cusp | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL C Cusp | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL A Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL A Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL A Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL B Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL C Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL A Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL A Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | OL B Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Bulge | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, basis | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL C Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL B Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL C Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Cusp | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL D Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | IL Stylus, term | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL E Cusp | IL Cusp | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Cusp | IL Cusp | <.0001* | E | OL D Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | OL E Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | E | OL E Stylus, term | IL Stylus, basis | <.0001* | ||||||
| H | IL Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | E | IL Bulge | IL Basis | <.0001* | ||||||
Note: Orange p‐values = highly significant differences, red p‐values = significant differences, black = no significant differences.
Abbreviation: df, degrees of freedom; IL, inner lateral; OL, outer lateral; term, terminal.
Krings, W. , Neumann, C. , Gorb, S. N. , Koehnsen, A. , & Wägele, H. (2023). Elemental composition and material properties of radular teeth in the heterobranch snail Gastropteron rubrum (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cephalaspidea) foraging on hard organisms. Ecology and Evolution, 13, e10332. 10.1002/ece3.10332
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The 3D model can be found in Dryad: Wencke Krings, 3D model radula of Gastropteron rubrum; DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s4mw6m9bp. The data on mechanical properties and elemental analysis can be found in the Appendix 1.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The 3D model can be found in Dryad: Wencke Krings, 3D model radula of Gastropteron rubrum; DOI: 10.5061/dryad.s4mw6m9bp. The data on mechanical properties and elemental analysis can be found in the Appendix 1.