Fig. 1. Behavioral paradigm.

A Mchenga conophoros male (blue head) and female (silver) above a castle bower in Lake Malawi (photo credit Ad Konings). B Mchenga conophoros male (blue head) and female (silver) above a castle bower in a laboratory aquarium. C Schematic of the behavioral assay, 19 pairs of building (bottom) and control (top) males were sampled. D Simplified schematic of wetlab pipeline for snRNA-seq. E Action recognition (each trial is represented by a row; each tick mark indicates a behavioral event predicted by action recognition; paired males are matched by row at top and bottom) and F depth sensing (each square represents total depth change for one trial, with pairs matched by row and column between top and bottom panels) show behavioral differences between building and control males. Compared to controls, building males exhibited greater G BAIs, H quivering behaviors, and I GSIs (gray lines link paired building/control males); n = 38 biologically independent animals (n = 19 building males, n = 19 control males). In all box plots, the center line indicates the median, the bounds of the box indicate the upper and lower quartiles, and the whiskers indicate 1.5x interquartile range. Asterisks indicate significance at α = 0.05. Source data are provided as a Source Data file, and additional related data can be found in Supplementary Data 1. Fish artwork in panels C, D, G, I is reprinted from iScience, Vol 23 / Issue 10, Lijiang Long, Zachary V. Johnson, Junyu Li, Tucker J. Lancaster, Vineeth Aljapur, Jeffrey T. Streelman, Patrick T. McGrath, Automatic Classification of Cichlid Behaviors Using 3D Convolutional Residual Networks, 2020, with permission from Elsevier.