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. 2022 Sep 16;39(4):1257–1274. doi: 10.1007/s10565-022-09744-y

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which BMSC-EV-loaded GMNPs affect the progression of DO. GMNPs loaded with BMSC-EVs can transfer miR-150-5p to osteoblasts where miR-150-5p binds to MMP14 and results in decreased MMP14 expression, leading to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. By this mechanism, proliferation and maturation of osteoblasts are enhanced and the DO progression is delayed. The black upward and downward arrows in the figure represent the upregulation and downregulation of gene expression, respectively