|
Criteria
|
Included
|
Excluded
|
| Type of literature |
Peer-reviewed studies, grey literature (such as case studies from Harvard Business Review and government reports), conference papers and proceedings, books and online journals |
Conference posters, abstract-only papers, dissertations |
| Countries and languages |
Studies from all low-, middle- and high-income countries written in English or French |
Studies written in languages other than English and French |
| Bottom-up |
Studies considering frontline actors as a source of innovation and highlighting their appropriation of innovation projects at least from idea generation to idea development |
Studies involving frontline actors temporarily or later in the innovation process such as collecting ideas from frontline actors without involving them in the innovation process |
| Innovation |
Studies considering the innovation process and its methods of innovation, at least from idea generation to idea development; studies considering the innovation outcome defined as a new or an improved change in the organizational context (incremental and radical innovation) |
Studies looking at methods, from change management, quality improvement, leadership agency and other literatures, that were not used to generate and develop innovation |
| Health organizations |
Organizations that deliver care, such as hospitals, clinics, mental healthcare facilities, pediatric centres and more, involving physicians, clinicians, nurses, patients and other stakeholders |
Studies looking at private organizations such as pharmaceutical companies were excluded |
