Table 2. Samples of Employee-Driven Innovation Definitions .

Dimensions	Sample of Definitions	Study
Participatory innovation process (ideation, development and implementation)	“All of the staff in the hospital were involved both in defining the problem and in the efforts to seek and develop appropriate organizational solutions” (p. 233).	90
	"Engagement of bedside nurses to transform work processes, quality of care and staff satisfaction on medical-surgical units" (p. 669).	52
	“Adopting a bottom-up approach to identify priority problems and the changes that may be needed” (p. 7).	58
	“Approach to involve all stakeholders in the conduct of projects” (our translation) (p. 28).	63
Learning process (learning, mentoring, harnessing employees’ innovative capacities)	“Bringing frontline staff to the table provided an opportunity to engage and mentor nurses while solving problems … [;] teaching through doing was the best approach to engage and mentor frontline staff” (p. 70).	66
	“Employees with IWB [Innovative Work Behaviour] can quickly and appropriately respond to customers, propose new ideas and create new products” (p. 155).	49
	“Engaging and educating staff within the clinical microsystem and building the capacity for rapid-cycle improvement at the unit level” (p. 445-446).	72
	“Engaging and empowering front-line primary care teams with multi-level, interdisciplinary stakeholders in structured EBQI [Evidence-based Quality Improvement], and facilitated provider and staff initiated innovation projects” (p. 3).	83
Innovation outcome	“New ideas and design products and procedures based on the employees’ own observations” (p. n.a.).	94
	“Grassroots improvement ideas from frontline clinicians” (p. 141).	68
	“Ward creating solutions at the point of care” (p. 466).	67

Note: n.a. stands for not available.