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. 2023 Mar 24;11(1):321–334. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.026

Figure 1.

Fig. 1

Role of calcium signaling in exosomal PD-L1 secretion and cancer progression. Intracellular calcium stimulates biogenesis factors and Rab family proteins to increase the secretion of PD-L1-positive exosomes from cancer cells. Exosomes carrying PD-L1 are responsible for limiting the effectiveness of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy through binding to antibodies. Additionally, exosomes containing PD-L1 play a role in the suppression of immunity by reducing CD8+ T cell-mediated activities through inhibiting cytokine production.