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. 2023 Mar 24;11(1):321–334. doi: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.026

Figure 2.

Fig. 2

Proposed model of calcium signaling inhibitor-mediated enhancement of cancer immunotherapy. Calcium signaling inhibitors can inhibits the biogenesis and secretion of PD-L1-positive exosomes from cancer cells. Suppression of exosome secretion leads to the reduction of the interaction of exosomal PD-L1 with anti-PD-L1 antibodies and PD-1 on CD8+ T cells. Consequently, anti-PD-L1 get a chance to bind the PD-L1 on tumor cell and augments the activation of CD8+ T cells. Finally, calcium signaling inhibitor-mediated reinvigoration of exhausted CD8+ T cells can lead to tumor cell killing and improve the overall anti-PDL1-related immune checkpoint blockage.