Table 2.
Reproductive conflict: results of fully adjusted multilevel multivariate logistic regression models testing the association between physical IPV and sexual IPV in the past 12 months and variables relating to reproductive conflict hypothesis (country, n = 12; ethnic groups, n = 103; couples, n = 24,577)
| Physical IPV | Sexual IPV | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control variables | Categories | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
| Household wealth (poorest) | Poorer | 1.14 | (1.02–1.29) | 0.026 | 0.98 | (0.84–1.13) | 0.747 | ||
| Middle | 1.16 | (1.03–1.31) | 0.018 | 1.04 | (0.89–1.22) | 0.638 | |||
| Richer | 0.95 | (0.83–1.09) | 0.471 | 0.90 | (0.75–1.07) | 0.227 | |||
| Richest | 0.87 | (0.74–1.03) | 0.110 | 0.67 | (0.54–0.85) | 0.001 | |||
| Household residence (urban) | Rural | 0.82 | (0.73–0.91) | 0.001 | 0.96 | (0.83–1.11) | 0.600 | ||
| Husband's education (none) | Primary | 1.07 | (0.95–1.21) | 0.277 | 1.11 | (0.94–1.31) | 0.234 | ||
| Secondary | 1.09 | (0.95–1.25) | 0.208 | 0.96 | (0.80–1.16) | 0.686 | |||
| Higher | 0.75 | (0.61–0.94) | 0.010 | 0.79 | (0.58–1.09) | 0.145 | |||
| Husband's religion (Muslim) | Christian | 0.82 | (0.70–0.95) | 0.009 | 0.94 | (0.74–1.19) | 0.587 | ||
| Other/none | 0.90 | (0.73–1.10) | 0.296 | 0.96 | (0.74–1.31) | 0.797 | |||
| Husband drinks alcohol (no) | Yes | 2.66 | (2.44–2.92) | 0.000 | 1.53 | (1.36–1.72) | 0.000 | ||
| No. IPV reasons husband agrees with (0–5) | 1.07 | (1.04–1.11) | 0.000 | 1.07 | (1.03–1.11) | 0.001 | |||
| Husband's age (years) | 0.98 | (0.97–0.98) | 0.000 | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 0.579 | |||
| Wife's age (years) | 1.00 | (1.00–1.02) | 0.242 | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 0.637 | |||
| Childhood exposure to IPV (%) | 1.03 | (1.02–1.04) | 0.000 | 1.01 | (1.00–1.03) | 0.067 | |||
| Sexual IPV (No) | Yes | 7.80 | (7.02–8.67) | 0.000 | … | … | … | … | |
| Physical IPV (No) | Yes | … | … | … | … | 8.00 | (7.17–8.93) | 0.000 | |
| Independent variables: reproductive coercion | |||||||||
| Fertility desire comparison (Both want no more) | Disagree: husband wants more/sooner | 1.12 | (1.02 | –1.24) | 0.025 | 1.02 | (0.89 | –1.16) | 0.792 |
| Disagree: wife wants more/sooner | 1.08 | (0.96 | –1.20) | 0.195 | 1.21 | (1.05 | –1.40) | 0.008 | |
| Either unsure | 0.97 | (0.83 | –1.12) | 0.628 | 0.87 | (0.71 | –1.06) | 0.156 | |
| Independent variables: paternal disinvestment | |||||||||
| Living children comparison (both have the same) | Wife has more | 1.09 | (0.94 | –1.25) | 0.249 | 1.15 | (0.96 | –1.38) | 0.136 |
| Husband has more | 1.13 | (1.02 | –1.24) | 0.015 | 1.15 | (1.02 | –1.29) | 0.020 | |
| Polygamous (no) | Yes | 1.24 | (1.09 | –1.42) | 0.001 | 0.99 | (0.83 | –1.19) | 0.946 |
| Husband had extramarital sex last 12 months (no) | Yes | 1.32 | (1.16 | –1.49) | 0.000 | 1.07 | (0.91 | –1.27) | 0.410 |
| Wife's economic independence (not working) | Works but not paid | 0.91 | (0.81 | –1.02) | 0.092 | 1.16 | (1.35 | –1.80) | 0.000 |
| Paid in cash | 1.03 | (0.93 | –1.14) | 0.567 | 1.66 | (1.02 | –1.36) | 0.028 | |
| Paid in cash/kind | 1.08 | (0.94 | –1.25) | 0.262 | 1.17 | (1.37 | –2.01) | 0.000 | |
| Random part | β | SE | p-Value | ICC | β | SE | p-Value | ICC | |
| Ethnic group | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.000 | 3.4% | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.000 | 6.1% | |
| Country | 0.15 | 0.07 | 0.037 | 4.2% | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.033 | 11.6% | |
Notes: Reference categories for categorical variables are shown in brackets.
Bold indicates that the p-value is <0.05.