Figure 1.

(a) The location map of the Punan Batu community (red) and agricultural groups (blue) included in the genetic analysis, as well as the approximate location of other Punan populations discussed in the text (dark green). (b) A photograph of an active Punan Batu rockshelter and family members of Punan Batu. Blue arrows indicate wooden platforms to sit and lie down on. The green arrow indicates an aluminium cooking pot, obtained through trade. The soot on the rock shelter has accumulated from the frequent use of fire underneath. The red arrow indicates the skull of a boar, hunted and consumed a month before this photo was taken, and traditionally displayed in higher place for ritual purpose. (Photo taken by P. Kusuma; October 2019). (c) Thirty-seven GPS tracks from 27 different Punan adults collected over three 4 week periods, coloured by individual sex (red, male (20); blue, female (three); yellow, not recorded (four)). The inset shows the distribution of distances travelled between campsites over a total of 713 consecutive nights in the second and third periods (also see Figure S1b). People either stayed at the same or at a nearby site (left; move < 250 m, n = 626) or moved to a different location (right; move 250 m, n = 87). When moving camp people moved on average 4.56 km (standard 2.96 km, range 0.32–13.69 km). Long straight lines on the map are produced by canoe journeys. The focal sites in the centre of the map include more established sites and, to the south, important caves and rock shelters.