Table 1.
Distribution of participant demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic biomarkers by sex-specific waist-to-height ratio tertile categories
| Variable | Waist-to-Height Ratio | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 175) | Female (n = 185) | |||||||
| T1 (n = 58) ≤ 0.55 | T2 (n = 59) > 0.55- ≤ 0.59 | T3 (n = 58) > 0.59 | P-value | T1 (n = 61) ≤ 0.56 | T2 (n = 62) > 0.56- ≤ 0.6 | T3 (n = 62) > 0.6 | P Value† | |
| Age (years)a | 9.2 (1.8) | 9.2 (1.7) | 9.3 (1.6) | 0.95 | 9.0 (1.8) | 9.5 (1.8) | 9. 5 (1.7) | 0.19 |
| Race/ethnicity n (%) | ||||||||
| Hispanic | 45 (77.6) | 44 (74.6) | 43 (74.1) | 44 (72.1) | 47 (75.8) | 44 (71.0) | 0.78§ | |
| Non-Hispanic AA | 8 (13.8) | 11 (18.6) | 10 (17.2) | 0.96§ | 11 (18.0) | 9 (14.5) | 14 (22.6) | |
| Non-Hispanic White & Others | 5 (8.6) | 4 (6.8) | 5 (8.6) | 6 (9.8) | 6 (9.7) | 4 (6.5) | ||
| Parent education n (%) | ||||||||
| < High School | 30 (51.7) | 27 (45.8) | 28 (48.3) | 0.83§ | 29 (47.5) | 29 (46.8) | 32 (51.6) | 0.39§ |
| High school or GED | 13 (22.4) | 17 (28.8) | 18 (31.0) | 15 (24.6) | 21 (33.9) | 12 (19.4) | ||
| > High school | 15 (25.9) | 15 (25.4) | 12 (20.7) | 17 (27.9) | 12 (19.4) | 18 (29.0) | ||
| Parent occupation n (%) | ||||||||
| Employed full time | 9 (15.5) | 10 (17.0) | 10 (17.2) | 1.00§ | 11 (18.0) | 13 (21.0) | 16 (25.8) | 0.46§ |
| Employed part-time | 10 (17.2) | 9 (15.3) | 9 (15.5) | 7 (11.5) | 13 (21.0) | 9 (14.5) | ||
| Other (retired Homemaker unemployed) | 39 (67.2) | 40 (67.8) | 39 (67.2) | 43 (70.5) | 36 (58.1) | 37 (59.7) | ||
| Height (cm) a | 140.6 (12.2) | 139.2 (10.6) | 141.8 (11.7) | 0.50 | 138.6 (11.9) | 142.2 (11.4) | 142.2(11.5) | 0.14 |
| Weight (lbs) a | 98.4 (23.9) | 107.5 (26.1) | 131.5 (35.0) | < .0001 | 95.5 (23.1) | 113.1 (28.3) | 134.0 (37.4) | < .0001 |
| BMI Z scorea | 1.7 (0.29) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.2) | < .0001 | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.2) | < .0001 |
| SBP (mmHg) a | 104.0 (7.5) | 106.6 (9.3) | 111.4 (11.8) | 0.0002 | 102.2 (8.8) | 106.3 (10.7) | 109.5 (12.3) | 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg)a | 57.4 (5.2) | 57. 7 (5.3) | 59.8 (6.1) | 0.05¥ | 57.1 (4.8) | 58.5 (6.1) | 60.0 (5.6) | 0.02 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)b | 63 (47–90) | 73(49–101) | 72(59–98) | 0.16¥ | 71 (52–113) | 79(60–113) | 86(61–126) | 0.07¥ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)a | 154.5 (27. 7) | 153.5 (29.2) | 159.5 (26.1) | 0.46 | 157.6 (26.9) | 151.3 (30.6) | 158.1 (29. 4) | 0.35 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL)a | 49.9 (10.2) | 46.6 (7.9) | 45.4 (9.2) | 0.03 | 48.1 (9.8) | 44.3 (9.0) | 43.3 (9.7) | 0.01 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL)a | 90.5 (23.1) | 91.4 (25.1) | 97.0 (20.4) | 0.26 | 93.3 (23.2) | 91.2 (20.7) | 93.6 (25.5) | 0.83 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)a | 84.6 (7.1) | 86.2 (7.1) | 86.0 (10.5) | 0.55 | 84.0 (8.1) | 84. 6 (13.4) | 84.6 (7.4) | 0.93 |
| Glucose 2 HR (mg/dL)a | 93.3 (13. 7) | 96.7 (15.0) | 105. 8 (18.6) | 0.0001 | 92.30 (16.4) | 95.2 (20. 0) | 100.9 (17.5) | 0.03 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL)b | 10.3 (7.0–15.5) | 12.5(9.9–18.2) | 16.5 (11.6–23.4) | 0.0001¥ | 11.8 (8.2–16.5) | 18.0 (11.5–28.0) | 18.2(13.0–27.9) | < .0001¥ |
| Fasting Insulin 2 HR (μU/mL)b | 49.3 (26.3–72.1) | 47.0 (27.5–74.1) | 76.7(49.2–135.0) | 0.0003¥ | 46.9 (34.3–77.5) | 92.9(63.8–157.1) | 99.9(44.7–204.1) | < .0001¥ |
| HOMA-IRb | 2.0 (1.40–3.37) | 2.5 (2.2–4.0) | 3.5(2.3–5.3) | 0.0002¥ | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | 3.8 (2.5–5.9) | 3.9 (2.6–6.1) | < .0001¥ |
| ALT (SGPT) (µkat/L) | 21 (19–28) | 24 (19–29) | 27(20–35) | 0.03¥ | 20 (17–24) | 22(18–25) | 22(18–29) | 0.08¥ |
| AST (SGOT) (μkat/L)b | 31 (26–35) | 32(27–35) | 32(26–36) | 0.82¥ | 30 (27–34) | 27(25–33) | 28(25–32) | 0.10¥ |
| Tanner Stageb | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.84¥ | 1(1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 2(1–2) | 0.06¥ |
†Analysis of Variance
§Pearson Chi-square test
¥Kruskal Wallis Test
a values are mean (SD)
bvalues are median (IQR)