Table 1.

Summary of the theoretical predictions for research questions 1–3

	Predictions – condition/research question
Account	Homogeneous Question 1	Mixed Question 2	Overall (homogeneous and mixed) Question 3
Social benefits (radical)	IG < ING	I > O	IH > IM > O
		----------------------	----------------------------
		antisocial: I < O	antisocial: IH ≈ IM < O
Social benefits (comprehensive)	IG < ING	IG > OG ING < ONG
		-----------------------	----------------------------
		antisocial: I < O (especially G)	antisocial: IM ≈ IH < O (especially G)
Deterrence	IG ≥ ING	I < O (especially G)	IM < IH < O (especially G)

Notes: I = punishment targeted at ingroups; O = punishment targeted at outgroups. Superscripts G and NG refer to Gitano and non-Gitano punishers, while subscripts H and M refer to homogeneous groups and mixed groups, respectively. Predictions for antisocial punishment are preceded by ‘antisocial:’.