Table 3.

Supplementation trials with preparations high in 9CBC

Author	Description/dose	Isomer ratio and 9CBC amount	Purpose of study and beneficial activity outcome
Stahl et al. [156]	5.6 µmol BC/kg bw as a single dose of Betatene™; ~ 70 kg bw and ~ 5.6 µmol BC (~ 210 mg BC)	54% ATBC: 37% 9CBC - >  ~ 77.7 mg 9CBC/day	Absorption/accumulation study
Johnson et al. [151]	Single treatment with dried algae powder	64 mg ATBC (48%): 69 mg 9CBC (52%) - >  ~ 69 mg 9CBC/day	Carotenoid nutri-kinetic study
Shaish et al. [157]	Natural derived extract rich in BC with 60 mg/BC day for 6 weeks (42 days)	~ 50% ATBC: 50% 9CBC - >  ~ 30 mg 9CBC/day	Increase of HDL-cholesterol in fibrate treated patients
Rotenstreich et al. [158]	Treatment for 90 days with capsules containing 300 mg 9CBC-rich dried algae containing ~ 20 mg BC	~ 50% ATBC: 50% 9CBC - >  ~ 10 mg 9CBC/day	Increased retinal functions in patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa
Meshi et al. [159]	1200 mg BC rich powder with ~ 20 mg BC content for 3 months (~ 90 days)	~ 50% ATBC: 50% 9CBC - >  ~ 10 mg 9CBC/day	Improvement and partly recovery of vision loss after ocular quintine toxicity