Table 1.
Population characteristics by quintiles of waist-calf circumference ratio
| Characteristics | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 473 (20.1) | 471 (20.0) | 478 (20.3) | 466 (19.8) | 471 (20.0) | |
| Age (year), mean (SD) | 78.52 + 7.73 | 78.44 + 7.46 | 80.04 + 8.25 | 80.74 + 8.12 | 82.45 + 8.78 | < 0.001 |
| Female, no. (%) | 170 (35.9) | 183 (38.9) | 210 (43.9) | 232 (49.8) | 320 (67.9) | < 0.001 |
| Living with family member(s), no. (%) | 376 (79.5) | 374 (79.4) | 386 (80.8) | 355 (76.2) | 345 (73.2) | 0.036 |
| Married, no. (%) | 285 (60.3) | 299 (63.5) | 280 (58.6) | 237 (50.9) | 215 (45.6) | < 0.001 |
| Urban area, no. (%) | 195 (41.2) | 179 (38.0) | 211 (44.1) | 199 (42.7) | 203 (43.1) | 0.353 |
| Education (year), no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 191 (40.4) | 184 (39.1) | 200 (41.8) | 218 (46.8) | 282 (59.9) | |
| ≥1 | 282 (59.6) | 287 (60.9) | 278 (58.2) | 248 (53.2) | 189 (40.1) | |
| Smoking status, no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 289 (61.1) | 305 (64.8) | 309 (64.6) | 327 (70.2) | 375 (79.6) | |
| Current | 118 (24.9) | 100 (21.2) | 112 (23.4) | 86 (18.5) | 64 (13.6) | |
| Former | 66 (14.0) | 66 (14.0) | 57 (11.9) | 53 (11.4) | 32 (6.8) | |
| Drinking status, no. (%) | 0.001 | |||||
| Never | 314 (66.4) | 321 (68.2) | 336 (70.3) | 334 (71.7) | 374 (79.4) | |
| Current | 112 (23.7) | 99 (21.0) | 100 (20.9) | 88 (18.9) | 72 (15.3) | |
| Former | 47 (9.9) | 51 (10.8) | 42 (8.8) | 44 (9.4) | 25 (5.3) | |
| Regular exercise, no. (%) | 0.166 | |||||
| Never | 306 (64.7) | 290 (61.6) | 295 (61.7) | 304 (65.2) | 325 (69.0) | |
| Current | 157 (33.2) | 171 (36.3) | 170 (35.6) | 157 (33.7) | 134 (28.5) | |
| Former | 10 (2.1) | 10 (2.1) | 13 (2.7) | 5 (1.1) | 12 (2.5) | |
| Economic independence, no. (%) | 201 (42.5) | 193 (41.0) | 157 (32.8) | 132 (28.3) | 119 (25.3) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep time (h), no. (%) | 0.056 | |||||
| <6 | 71 (15.0) | 67 (14.2) | 63 (13.2) | 58 (12.4) | 87 (18.5) | |
| 6–9 | 286 (60.5) | 301 (63.9) | 280 (58.6) | 286 (61.4) | 285 (60.5) | |
| ≥9 | 116 (24.5) | 103 (21.9) | 135 (28.2) | 122 (26.2) | 99 (21.0) | |
| Frailty index, mean (SD) | 0.09 + 0.05 | 0.09 + 0.05 | 0.10 + 0.05 | 0.10 + 0.05 | 0.11 + 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 75.13 + 7.89 | 80.97 + 9.08 | 83.27 + 8.69 | 86.08 + 8.95 | 86.04 + 9.84 | < 0.001 |
| Calf circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 34.63 + 3.87 | 32.97 + 3.68 | 31.82 + 3.37 | 30.82 + 3.28 | 26.80 + 4.04 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), no. (%) | < 0.001 | |||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 71 (15.0) | 54 (11.5) | 50 (10.5) | 54 (11.6) | 81 (17.2) | |
| Normal (18.5–24) | 301 (63.6) | 278 (59.0) | 294 (61.5) | 232 (49.8) | 259 (55.0) | |
| Overweight (24–28) | 87 (18.4) | 108 (22.9) | 107 (22.4) | 147 (31.5) | 102 (21.7) | |
| Obese (≥ 28) | 14 (3.0) | 31 (6.6) | 27 (5.6) | 33 (7.1) | 29 (6.2) | |
BMI Body Mass Index
Notes: Differences in characteristics were compared using the χ2 test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables