Table 1.
Summary of the studies with altered short-term BPV and association with target organ damage
| Study | Study design | Study subject | No. of subjects | Indices of BPV | Type of association | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agarwal and Light [55] | Cross-sectional | General population | 336 | Nondipping | Positive | Proteinuria |
| Agarwal and Andersen [53] | Cross-sectional | CKD | 232 | Nondipping | Positive | Higher UACR, lower eGFR |
| Fava et al. [54] | Cross-sectional | Non-HTN | 249 | Nondipping | Positive | Lower eGFR |
| Cuspidi et al. [52] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 355 | Nondipping | Indifferent | Microalbuminuria |
| Cuspidi et al. [51] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 375 | Nondipping | Indifferent | Microalbuminuria |
| Pogue et al. [14] | Cross-sectional | CKD | 617 | Nondipping | Positive | Proteinuria |
| Song et al. [56] | Cross-sectional | CKD | 823 | Nondipping, MBPS | Indifferent with nondipping; positive with MBPS | Lower eGFR |
| Tanner et al. [57] | Cross-sectional | With/without CKD | 1,022 | SDdn, ARV | Indifferent | Microalbuminuria or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Sarafidis et al. [58] | Cross-sectional | With/without CKD | 16,546 | SD, wSD, CV, ARV | Positive | Higher UACR, lower eGFR |
| Ryu et al. [59] | Cross-sectional | CKD | 1,173 | ARV | Indifferent | Proteinuria and eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Wei et al. [60] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 256 | VIM, ARV | Indifferent | Higher UACR |
| Mulè et al. [15] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 328 | ARV | Positive | Microalbuminuria |
| Madden et al. [61] | Cross-sectional | General population | 1,207 | wSD, CV, ARV | Indifferent | Microalbuminuria |
| Farrag et al. [62] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 90 | SD, CV, ARV | Positive | Microalbuminuria |
| Leoncini et al. [16] | Cross-sectional | HTN | 169 | wSD | Positive | Microalbuminuria or eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
| Knudsen et al. [47] | Longitudinal | DM | 112 | Diastolic night to day BP ratio | Positive | Progression of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria |
| Lurbe et al. [50] | Longitudinal |
Non-HTN T1DM |
75 | Nondipping | Positive | Microalbuminuria |
| Palmas et al. [48] | Longitudinal | DM | 957 | Reverse dipping | Positive | Progression of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria |
| Palmas et al. [49] | Longitudinal | DM | 392 | Reverse dipping | Positive | Progression of microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria |
BPV Blood pressure variability, CKD Chronic kidney disease, UACR Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, HTN Hypertensive, MBPS Morning blood pressure surge, SDdn Day-night standard deviation, ARV Average real variability, SD Standard deviation, wSD weighted standard deviation, CV Coefficient of variation, VIM Variability independent of mean, DM Diabetes mellitus, BP Blood pressure, T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus