Table I.
Results of serum and urine metal analysis.
| LOD | LOQ | Results | Reference value (RfV) | Definition of the RfV | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine aluminum | 0.5 μg/L | 1.5 μg/L | 2.4 μg/L | 11.5 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (Northern France, 2008-2010)26 |
| Serum chromium | 0.05 μg/L | 0.15 μg/L | 0.17 μg/L | 0.79 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in volunteers from the general population (France, 2012)8 |
| Urine chromium | 0.1 μg/L | 0.3 μg/L | <LOQ | 0.65 μg/L 0.54 μg/g creatinine |
P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (France, 2006-2007)11 |
| Serum cobalt | 0.003 μg/L | 0.009 μg/L | 0.51 μg/L | 0.59 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in volunteers from the general population (France, 2012)8 |
| Urine cobalt | 0.003 μg/L | 0.009 μg/L | 0.47 μg/L 0.85 μg/g creatinine |
1.40 μg/L 1.13 μg/g creatinine |
P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (France, 2006-2007)11 |
| Serum molybdenum | 0.05 μg/L | 0,17 μg/L | 0.75 μg/L | 1.15 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in volunteers from the general population (France, 2012)8 |
| Urine molybdenum | 0.15 μg/L | 0.30 μg/L | 18.7 μg/L 34.0 μg/g creatinine |
137 μg/L 123 μg/g creatinine |
P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (USA 2015-2016)25 |
| Serum nickel | 0.3 μg/L | 0.9 μg/L | <LOQ | 1.26 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in volunteers from the general population (France, 2012)8 |
| Urine nickel | 0.3 μg/L | 0.9 μg/L | 2.7 μg/L 4.9 μg/g creatinine |
4.54 μg/L 3.77 μg/g creatinine |
P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (France, 2006-2007)11 |
| Serum titanium | 0.5 μg/L | 1.5 μg/L | 40.8 μg/L | 2.56 μg/L | P95 of the distribution in patients with well-functioning hip implants.35 |
| Urine titanium | 0.5 μg/L | 1.5 μg/L | < LOQ | <1 μg/L <1 μg/g creatinine |
60 to 80-year-old individuals with no metallic prostheses22 |
| Urine vanadium | 0.02 μg/L | 0.06 μg/L | 0.6 μg/L 1.1 μg/g creatinine |
1.21 μg/L 1.12 μg/g creatinine |
P95 of the distribution in a sample representative of the general population (Northern France, 2008-2010)26 |
LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; P95, 95th percentile.
Bold = It is the only metal level above the corresponding reference value, in the table.