. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Advers Resil Sci. 2023 Apr 10;4(2):151–170. doi: 10.1007/s42844-023-00090-4

Table 2.

Bivariate correlations among the study variables

Variable	n	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.	9.	10.	11.	12.	13.	14.	15.	16.	17.	18.	19.	20.	21.	22.	23.	24.	25.	26.	27.	28.
13 Months
1. SU	185	.05	.19^*	.11	.07	.57^*	.06	.10	.02	.02	.48^*	.07	.13	.08	−.01	.38^*	.17^*	.12	.01	−.03	.45^*	.07	.14	.06	.02	−.09	−.07	−.03
2. CP	185		.22^*	−.10	.11	.12	.62^*	.23^*	.02	−.06	.20^*	.59^*	.12	−.05	−.02	.09	.51^*	.20^*	.04	−.10	.19^*	.48^*	.09	.05	−.04	−.02	.04	.07
3. Viol	184			.11	.02	.17^*	.29^*	.14	.02	.01	.26^*	.22^*	.32^*	.06	.09	.22^*	.10	.35^*	.15	.07	.12	.16	.16^*	−.01	.13	.03	−11	.05
4. HP	165				.40^*	.11	−.05	.00	.33^*	.13	.09	−.04	.15	.17	.07	.16	−.03	.15	.20^*	.22^*	.14	.06	.13	.13	.21^*	−.04	−.02	−.13
5. Low SP	165					−.01	.10	−.05	.14	.22^*	.07	.06	−.06	.11	.19^*	−.03	.17^*	.01	.16	.19^*	.07	.20^*	−.05	−.04	.07	.09	.09	−.01
24 Months
6. SU	172						.17^*	.19^*	.02	−.05	.45^*	.11	.13	.00	−.09	.39^*	.12	.10	−.14	−.04	.39^*	.15	.22^*	.02	−.02	.09	−.10	.05
7. CP	168							.23^*	−.11	−.04	.22^*	.76^*	.10	.01	.07	.05	.41^*	.13	.03	.02	.12	.53^*	.19^*	.02	.01	.09	.08	.04
8. Viol	172								−.02	−.03	.16	.26^*	.11	−.05	−.02	.18^*	.09	.14	−.02	−.02	.15	.16	.25^*	.10	.07	.09	−.06	.08
9. HP	168									.32^*	−.05	−.05	.04	.14	.14	.09	.05	.04	.27^*	.02	.13	.04	.09	.05	.06	−.03	−.15	−.14
10. Low SP	168										.06	−.13	−.01	.01	.15	.07	−.03	.03	.08	.16	.18^*	−.05	−.12	.08	−.02	−.06	.01	−.03
36 Months
11. SU	162											.31^*	.31^*	.02	−.07	.55^*	.22^*	.12	−.03	−.06	.63^*	.32^*	.15	.01	−.10	.01	−.07	.03
12. CP	165												.11	.09	.11	.08	.53^*	.10	.05	.06	.21^*	.55^*	.18^*	.01	−.01	.06	.12	.02
13. Viol	160													−.01	−.03	.35^*	.13	.28^*	−.13	−.03	.15	.17^*	.30^*	−.07	−.15	.04	.05	−.03
14. HP	156														.33^*	−.06	.09	−.08	.27^*	.15	.02	.08	.04	.19^*	.27^*	−.13	−.05	−.07
15. Low SP	156															−.07	.11	.01	.07	.35^*	−.04	.09	.00	.21^*	.23^*	−.12	.05	.02
48 Months
16. SU	144																.16^*	.21^*	.01	.03	.50^*	.09	.19^*	−.04	−.06	−.04	−.16	−.07
17. CP	146																	.24^*	−.04	.02	.21^*	.49^*	.12	−.02	−.03	−.01	.15	.01
18. Viol	148																		.07	.00	.04	.11	.10	−.05	.10	.07	−.01	−.01
19. HP	143																			.16^*	.09	.07	.06	.35^*	.29^*	−.06	−.06	−.08
20. Low SP	143																				.04	−.01	.05	.06	.24^*	.12	.10	.06
Kindergarten Age
21. SU	148																					.22^*	.14	.05	−.05	.07	−.12	−.02
22. CP	147																						.18^*	.03	.04	.04	.03	.02
23. Viol	148																							.12	.15	.04	.05	−.07
24. HP	145																								.52^*	−.12	−.13	−.06
25. Low SP	145																									−.16	−.14	−.07
Adolescence
26. Hope	159																										.41^*	.41^*
27. Happiness	152																											.43^*
28. LS

Concurrent correlations are outlined; SU, substance use; CP, caregiver psychological distress; Viol, family violence; HP, harsh parenting; SP, sensitive parenting; LS, life satisfaction;.

p < 0.05