Table 1.
Common mutations in HBV preS/S and preC/C.
| Mutation | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|
| PreS/S mutants | ||
| sW172stop (aa) | Generates a stop codon in the HBsAg Impairs secretion of HBsAg Reduces viral fitness Increases the risk of HCC |
Sheldon and Soriano (2008), Yeh et al. (2011), Lai and Yeh (2008) |
| C3116T (nt) /T31C (aa) combo mutation | The frequency of the single mutation is very low compared to the combo mutation Promoting hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing ER stress, and STAT3 pathways Increases the risk of HCC in patients without antiviral therapy |
Liu W. et al. (2022) |
| A2962G (nt) C2964A (nt) |
Associated with an increased risk of HCC Higher tumor cccDNA level Also reported as A2962G/C2964A combo mutation |
Wang et al. (2015) |
| T53C (aa) | Associated with an increased risk of HCC | Yin et al. (2010), Jiang et al. (2009), Sung et al. (2008) |
| C7A (aa) | Increases risk of HCC | Qu et al. (2014), Thi Cam Huong et al. (2022), Rivière et al. (2019) |
| C105T (aa) | Higher tumor cccDNA levels | Wang et al. (2015) |
| W4P/R (aa) | This male-specific mutation is significantly related to HCC | Thi Cam Huong et al. (2022), Caligiuri et al. (2016) |
| PreC/C mutants | ||
| G1896A (nt) | *known as the most important mutation in HBV-related HCC Prevents expression of HBeAg protein Increases HCC tumor growth in vivo via enhancing HBV replication and activating the ERK/MAPK pathways Strongly associated with HCC |
Wei et al. (2017), Zhao et al. (2023) |
| C1766T (nt) T1768A (nt) |
Increases viral replication and viral infectivity Associated with acute liver failure and CHB progression C1766T/T1768A combo mutants were associated with higher HBV-DNA levels and increased liver disease |
Liu Y. et al. (2022), Kitab et al. (2012), Dong et al. (2008) |
| A1762T (nt) or K130M (aa) G1764A (nt) or V131I (aa) |
Contributes to an inefficient immune response that leads to hepatocarcinogenesis A1762T/G1764A mutants are associated with the increased HCC risk |
Wei et al. (2017) |
| T1753V (nt) | Increases risk of HCC Associated with severe clinical outcome Linked with enhanced viral replication and/or reduced HBeAg expression and related with acute liver failure in some instances |
Kitab et al. (2012), Parekh et al. (2003) |
| C1914G (nt) | Associated with HCC | Asim et al. (2010) |
(nt), for nucleotide change/name; (aa), for amino acid change/name.