Levels of NATOG from included individuals from urine samples were determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. NATOG levels of individuals without neurological diseases with and without an O. volvulus infection (CTRL, n = 12, EpNd, n = 18, OV+EpNd, n = 31) (A), individuals are further subdivided into those with epilepsy and nodding syndrome with or without an O. volvulus infection (CTRL, n = 12, Ep, n = 12, OV+EpNd, n = 19, Nd, n = 6, OV+Nd, n = 12) (B). Graphs show box whiskers with median, interquartile ranges and outliers. Since data were non-parametric, statistical significances between the indicated groups were obtained with Kruskal-Wallis followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparison test.