Figure 4. Evaluation of Patients According to Diagnostic Algorithm for Autoimmune Encephalitis.

Adapted from Graus et al.,⁵ reprinted with permission from Elsevier. ♦ Anti-MOG was tested in all (n = 21) patients with ADEM; in 10/21 (48%) antibodies were present. *Two patients ultimately diagnosed as probable SN-AE. Three patients fulfilling criteria for definite autoimmune limbic encephalitis were diagnosed as AE mimic after applying diagnostic AE algorithm. † Anti-NMDARE (1), PACNS (1), PML (1), MS (1), and neuro-Sjögren (1). ¥ Encephalitis with unknown cause (3), PNID (3), definite AE (2), and HE (1). Ψ Caspr2 (6), Ma2 (1), and NMDAR (1). Abs = antibodies; ADEM = acute disseminated encephalomyelitis; AE = autoimmune encephalitis; BBE = Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis; HE = Hashimoto encephalopathy; MOG = myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; NMDARE = anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis; PNID = probable neuroinflammatory disorder; SN-AE = seronegative autoimmune encephalitis.