Table 1.

Terms used by different groups practising using advanced and new technology to develop CT and references to find more information about each term.

term	definition	reference
application programming interface (API)	a set of rules that allow applications and programs to communicate with each other	Boateng et al. [30]
back-end interface	the server and work behind-the-scenes to allow the user interface	Smith [31]
image classification	the computer vision process of predicting a class of one object to an image	Krizhevsky et al. [32]
colonization of conservation	the historical legacy that is conservation is performed by those that colonized the areas where the conservation is performed	Loss et al. [33]
conservation technology	an interdisciplinary field that works to design technology to help prevent the sixth mass extinction	Berger-Tal & Lahoz-Monfort [1]
conservation tools (CT)	devices that are made and developed to be applied to the conservation of wildlife	this study
context of use	a design thinking that takes the exact use of the device as the primary design component	Jacobson [34]
ex situ conservation	conservation of a species outside its original place (e.g. in a zoo)	Braverman [35]
fine-tuning	the computer vision process of taking a model that has been trained on one task and tuning it to make it perform a different, similar task	this study
front-end interface	the interface that the user sees, sometimes described as the user interface	Smith [31]
frugal science	the concept of creating scientific tools that are the most accessible possible in the form of cost and functionality	Byagathvalli et al. [36]
graphical user interface (GUI)	a digital interface where a user can interact with various components such as buttons or text boxes	Edler et al. [37]
human-centered design	a design thinking that takes the context-of-use of the exact devices as the primary design component	Jacobson [34]
human–wildlife centred design (HWCD)	using the human–wildlife interaction in the design process similar to that of human-centred design	this study
indigenous design	a design thinking that is designed by the indigenous population that is most familiar with the conservation and ecological initiatives	Nawrotski & Kadatska [38]
in situ conservation	conservation of a species at the original place (e.g. in the wild)	Braverman [35]
object detection	the computer vision process of detecting instances of semantic objects of a particular class or set of classes	Lin et al. [39]
object tracking	the computer vision task of taking a set of initial object detections, creating a unique identifier for each detection, and tracking each object over a series of time	Yilmaz [40]
object re-identification (Re-ID)	takes object detection one step further by matching a given object in a new environment to the same object in a different environment	Stewart et al. [41]
open-source solutions	solutions that are open access and solutions that are fully accessible by the public to re-create, re-design and re-invite	Lerner & Tirole [42]
opportunistic technology	devices that are built for a particular industry, such as camera traps designed for hunters, but used in a different purpose, such as biologists using camera traps for ecological surveys	Berger-tal & Lahoz-Monfort [1]
silver-bullet solutions	a one-size-fits-all solution that can address and solve any issue	Shaw [43]
self-supervised learning	a machine learning subset in which a model trains itself to learn part of the input from another part of data, often leveraging the underlying structure of the data	Hendrycks et al. [44]
supervised learning	a machine learning subset of problems where the available data has labelled examples	Russell & Norvig [45]
transfer learning	a machine learning method that uses a pre-trained model as a starting point for a model in a new task (i.e. it has already learned how to ‘see’ one set of things and will be trained again to get better focus on another set of things)	Zhuang et al. [46]
unsupervised learning	a machine learning subset of problems that analyses and clusters unlabelled data	Schmarje et al. [47]
wildlife	collective term referring to non-domesticated species of animals, plants and microbes, though sometimes restricted to just mean animals (particularly mammals and birds)	Usher [48]