Table 1.
Selection of sites with textile technology in the Transeurasian linguistic region, specifying the simultaneous occurrence of millet or hemp cultivation and agricultural tools: 0 means ‘absent’, 1 means ‘present’ and ‘?’ marks uncertainty. The indicated number of the sites corresponds to their location on the map in Figure 2
| Region | Culture | Site no.; Figure 2 | Site name/date | Millet cultivation | Agricultural tools | Hemp cultivation | (Bi)conical spindle whorl | Flat spindle whorl | Bone needle/awl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast China | |||||||||
| Liao River | Xinglongwa 6400–5200 BCE |
1 | Xinglongwa 6400–5200 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Liao River | Xinglongwa 5400–4500 BCE |
3 | Baiyinchanghan II 6400–5400 BCE |
1? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Liao River | Zhaobaogou 5400–4500 BCE |
2 | Zhaobaogou 5400–4500 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Lower Liao River (Shenyang) | Xinle 5200–4000 BCE |
4 | Upper Xinle 4800–4000 BCE |
1? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Liao River | Hongshan 4500–3000 BCE |
5 | Jiefangyingzi 4500–3000 BCE |
No data | No data | No data | 1 | 1 | No data |
| Liao River | Hongshan 4500–3000 BCE |
6 | Weijiawopu 4500–4000 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1? | 0 |
| Liao River | Hongshan 4500–3000 BCE |
7 | Niuheliang 4500–3000 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1? | 1 |
| Liao River | Haminmangha 3500–3000 BCE |
8 | Haminmangha 4000–3000 BCE |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Amur River | Zuojiashan 4000–600 BCE |
9 | Zuojiashan 2600–3000 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Amur River | Yinggeling 4000–1000 BCE |
10 | Lower Yinggeling 2000 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yalu River | Xiaozhushan (I–V) 4700–2100 BCE |
17 | Xiaozhushan III 4500–3300 BCE | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1? | 1 |
| Yalu River | Houwa 4500–3000 BCE |
18 | Lower Houwa 4350–3000 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Southern part of Primorye Province of Russian Far East | |||||||||
| Khanka–Ussuri Plain, east of Lake Khanka | Zaisanovka 3200–1500 BCE |
11 | Siny Gai A– lower layer ca. 2000–1300 BCE |
No data | 1 | No data | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Eastern seacoast | Zaisanovka 3200–1500 BCE |
14 | Valentin–Peresheek 2900–2300 BCE |
No data | 1 | No data | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| East of Khanka–Ussuri Plain | Zaisanovka 3200–1500 BCE |
13 | Sheklyaevo 7 Upper Zaisanovka horizon ca. 2000–1300 BCE |
1 | No data | 0 | 0 | 1 | No data |
| Khanka–Ussuri Plain, south of Lake Khanka | Zaisanovka 3200–1500 BCE |
12 | Bogolyubovka–1 Ca. 1900 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | No data |
| Korean Peninsula | |||||||||
| Yangyang, Kangwŏndo | Early Chulmun 6000–3500 BCE |
23 | Osan-li 5050–2230 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | No data |
| Changnyŏng, South Kyŏngsang | Early Chulmun 6000–3500 BCE |
25 | Pibong-li 5010–3050 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | No data |
| Seoul | Early–Middle Chulmun 6000–2000 BCE |
22 | Amsadong 4230–1430 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | No data |
| Tumen River | Middle–Late Chulmun 3500–1500 BCE |
15 | Sŏp'ohang | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Tumen River | Middle–Late Chulmun 3500–1500 BCE |
16 | Nongpodong | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | No data |
| Yalu River | Middle–Late Chulmun 3500–1500 BCE | 19 | Sinam-li 3000 BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Taedong River | Middle–Late Chulmun 3500–1500 BCE |
20 | Upper Kungsan-li 3100 BCE |
1? | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Nakdong River, Pusan | Middle–Late Chulmun 3500–1500 BCE |
26 | Tongsamdong 4740–1800BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Incheon | Late Chulmun 2000–1500 BCE |
21 | Jungsandong 2250–2140 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | No data |
| Wonju, Kangwŏndo | Late Chulmun 2000–1500 BCE |
24 | Pangokdong 2300–1500 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | No data |
| Japanese Islands | |||||||||
| Fukuoka | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
27 | Sasai ca. 900 BC–600BCE |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Saga | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
28 | Nabatake ca. 900–400 BCE |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Saga | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
29 | Yoshinogari ca. 500 BCE–AD 300 |
0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Nara | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
30 | Karako-Kagi ca. 500 BCE–AD 300 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Osaka | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
31 | Ikegami ca. 400 BCE–AD100 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Shizuoka | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
32 | Shiraiwa ca. 200 BCE–AD 200 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Ishikawa | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
33 | Yōkaichijikata ca. 300 BCE–AD 200 |
0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Fukushima | Yayoi 900BCE–300AD |
34 | Shimonagata B ca. 300 BCE–AD 300 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |