Figure 4.
Different operationalizations of culture. The cultural behaviors captured by the MoE (CME) are socially learned behaviors with a patchy geographic distribution but without ecological correlates (mostly conspicuous and/or high complexity behaviors such as tool use). The cultural behaviors with ecological correlates (CEcol) are socially learned behaviors that vary between populations because they are influenced by a population's local ecology (e.g. feeding skills). The sum of CME and CEcol are all socially learned behaviors that vary across populations (CVar). Cultural universals (CU) are socially learned behaviors and knowledge that we find consistently across populations (e.g. basic subsistence and social skills). The sum of all socially learned behaviors represents an individual's cultural knowledge (C1 = CVar + CU). See supplementary Table S3 descriptions of the behaviors depicted on the pictures.