Figure 1.

The role of the gut microbiota in CRC progression through immune, inflammatory, and metabolic reactions. Several bacterial species in the gut could induce the host to produce chemokines including chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligands 9 (CXCL9), and CXCL17. Tumor cells accumulate T cells that promote inflammation and leads to progression of CRC. Microbial antigens produced by the gut microbiota could activate signaling through various receptors including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization‐like receptor (NLR), retinoic acid‐inducible gene I‐like receptor (RLR), toll‐like receptor (TLR), and absent in melanoma 2‐like receptor (AIMR), that stimulate the immune response.