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. 2023 Jul 18;29(8):1971–1978. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02450-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a–c, Significant effects (two-sided) were examined with LME models focusing on the interaction of AD/LB group × time, adjusted for age, sex and education. a,d, Longitudinal global cognition. b,e, Longitudinal memory. c,f, Longitudinal attention/executive function. d–f, Interaction time × all three pathologies (binarized) was used in the same model to examine the independent effects of each pathology on cognitive progression while adjusting for age, sex and education. Outcomes were z-scored cognitive tests. d–f, Red indicates significant association between pathology and worse cognitive decline. The effect of LB on clinical outcomes with/without adjusting for Aβ and tau is shown in Extended Data Table 3. a–c, Estimated marginal means and 95% CI of means obtained from LME models by AD/LB group. d–f, Dot/center indicates the interaction estimate of time × pathology; error bars 95% CI. In total, 941 participants were AD^–/LB^–, 74 AD^–/LB⁺, 147 AD⁺/LB^– and 20 AD⁺/LB⁺; 94 were LB⁺, 304 Aβ⁺ and 195 tau⁺. Statistical analyses with corrections for multiple comparisons are shown in Supplementary Fig. 3 (all significant differences/associations were still significant after correction). Missing data shown in Supplementary Table 2. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (two-sided).