Table 2.
Animal | Container use observed | Reference |
---|---|---|
African Grey Parrots, Cockatoos |
Using nutshells, moss, and a variety of human-made containers, to drink water | Boswall (1983); Pepperberg and Shive (2001); Shumaker et al. (2011) |
Ants (some species) | Use pieces of leaf, wood or grass to transport viscous liquids such as honey, fruit pulp or body fluids of prey back to the colony | Banschbach et al. (2006) |
Bonobo (in captivity) | Placed a large amount of food on wood-wool, which she then dragged in her enclosure | Walraven et al. (1993) |
Capuchin Monkeys, Orangutans, Chimpanzees | Use leaves to scoop up water (chimpanzees in Bossou even fold leaves at about 3 cm intervals between pleats and so they better retain liquid) | Knott (1999); Phillips (1998); Tonooka (2001); van Lawick-Goodall (1968) |
Cichlid fish |
Lay their eggs on leaf litter and then move the litter when threatened | Keenleyside and Prince (1976) |
Chimpanzees (at Gombe) | Sometimes defecate onto leaves while holding them, to then forage for undigested meat amongst the faeces | Goodall (1986) |
Chimpanzees (in captivity) | Use coconut shells to collect water | McGrew (1992) |
Crow | Transported food with a cup and a Frisbee | Shumaker et al. (2011) |
Gorilla (in captivity) | Used a box as a tray, carrying his food around bipedally | Vancatova (2008) |
Marsh tit (in captivity) | Detached a paper sticker from its feeder and used the sticky side to pick up powdered food from its bowl and transport it to its perch | Clayton and Jolliffe (1996) |
New world Monkeys, Old world monkeys, Great apes |
Use of human-made containers (cups, etc.) for drinking water. Some transfer of water over a few metres | Jordan (1982); Parks and Novak (1993); Russon, et al. (2010); Westergaard and Fragaszy (1985) |
Orangutan (in captivity) | Filled a tub with straw and transported it outside to make a nest | Shumaker et al. (2011) |
Sea otter | Immobilize crabs by wrapping them in kelp and then carry the crabs on their belly while consuming other foods | Riedman and Estes (1990) |