Table 2.

Some examples of animal container use

Animal	Container use observed	Reference
African Grey Parrots, Cockatoos	Using nutshells, moss, and a variety of human-made containers, to drink water	Boswall (1983); Pepperberg and Shive (2001); Shumaker et al. (2011)
Ants (some species)	Use pieces of leaf, wood or grass to transport viscous liquids such as honey, fruit pulp or body fluids of prey back to the colony	Banschbach et al. (2006)
Bonobo (in captivity)	Placed a large amount of food on wood-wool, which she then dragged in her enclosure	Walraven et al. (1993)
Capuchin Monkeys, Orangutans, Chimpanzees	Use leaves to scoop up water (chimpanzees in Bossou even fold leaves at about 3 cm intervals between pleats and so they better retain liquid)	Knott (1999); Phillips (1998); Tonooka (2001); van Lawick-Goodall (1968)
Cichlid fish	Lay their eggs on leaf litter and then move the litter when threatened	Keenleyside and Prince (1976)
Chimpanzees (at Gombe)	Sometimes defecate onto leaves while holding them, to then forage for undigested meat amongst the faeces	Goodall (1986)
Chimpanzees (in captivity)	Use coconut shells to collect water	McGrew (1992)
Crow	Transported food with a cup and a Frisbee	Shumaker et al. (2011)
Gorilla (in captivity)	Used a box as a tray, carrying his food around bipedally	Vancatova (2008)
Marsh tit (in captivity)	Detached a paper sticker from its feeder and used the sticky side to pick up powdered food from its bowl and transport it to its perch	Clayton and Jolliffe (1996)
New world Monkeys, Old world monkeys, Great apes	Use of human-made containers (cups, etc.) for drinking water. Some transfer of water over a few metres	Jordan (1982); Parks and Novak (1993); Russon, et al. (2010); Westergaard and Fragaszy (1985)
Orangutan (in captivity)	Filled a tub with straw and transported it outside to make a nest	Shumaker et al. (2011)
Sea otter	Immobilize crabs by wrapping them in kelp and then carry the crabs on their belly while consuming other foods	Riedman and Estes (1990)