Figure 2.

F4-tests surveying the relationship of populations with East Asian ancestry (on the x-axis, ‘X’) to the Ikawazu Jōmon, relative to ancient Southeast Asian foragers (Hòabìnhian, HB), an ancient Tibetan (Chokhopani, CH), and an inland ancient northern East Asian (Shamanka_EN, SH) (graphs by Melinda Yang). Numerical values for the data visualized here can be found in Table S3. F4-statistics are tests of symmetry of the form f4(Out, P1; P2, P3), where it is assumed that P2 and P3 form a clade with espect to P1. Our statistics take the form (A) f4(Mbuti, HB; Ikawazu Jōmon, ‘X’ East Asians) or (B, C) f4(Mbuti, Ikawazu Jōmon; CH or SH, ‘X’ East Asians), with the underlying tree structure verified by other genetic analyses. Central African Mbuti were used as the outgroup (Out).