Fig. 4.

Numbers of people who used PPIs included in this review, stratified by duration groups. Total users’ (prevalent users + new users) data from 22 studies (N = 5,266,213); percentage of short-term users (< 1 year) vs. long-term users (≥ 1 year) (67.4% vs. 25.1%). New users’ data from 5 studies (2,450,952); percentage of short-term users (< 1 year) vs. long-term users (≥ 1 year) (80.9% vs. 18.9%; P < 0.001). *Excluded, i.e., duration categories reported in eligible studies were outside the duration bands used for this analysis (e.g., > 8 weeks, > 3 months, and 6–24 months) (all users = 1.3% and incident users = 0.2%)